hashima island documentary

We met a lot of hushed faces, a lot of people who would turn away as soon as we started speaking about the island, almost like it was a leper colony or something.". Episode two of Street Food: Asia introduces Netflixs global audience to stalls, shops and izakaya in Osaka, a city known for its famous street food that includes okonomiyaki and takoyaki. Read all Director Piyapan Choopetch Writer Adirek Wattaleela Stars Here's a mini documentary on The Hashima Island also known as Battleship Island.I own no right to any footage used in this video.Footages used: https://yout. Yamashita is a city pop artistwhose hits remain popular alongside songs by Mariya Takeuchi and Miki Matsubara. The audience gets a sneak peek into the lives of the oldest professional club DJ in the world, 87-year-old Sumiko Iwamuro, renowned bartender Rogerio Igarashi Vaz and fetish partygoers at Department H, Tokyos longest-running fetish club. Now, it's a ghost of its former past. Midnight Asia: Eat. Lavery, Carl, Deborah P. Dixon, and Lee Hassall. Hashima: Japans Geisterinsel. [30][citation needed]. Left largely untouched for decades, it's seen a. He fulfills his dream of acting in a kabuki play while trying to master the fundamentals of kabuki over the course of a few short months. In the 1890s prior to the Japanese colonial occupation of Korea it was mostly convicts who were sentenced to terms of hard labour that inhabited and worked on Hashima Island 14. During the Japanese colonial era, roughly 400 Korean people, who were forced onto Battleship Island ("Hashima Island") to mine for coal, attempt to a dramatic escape. 7. With the dawn of the Meiji government, Japan became more reliant on coal as a vital resource to sea salt production, iron manufacturing and steam engine operations5. An Encyclopedia of Architecture and Colonialism, Hashimoto, Atsuko and David J. Telfer. [36], The island was again featured in 2011 in episode six of a 3D production for 3net, Forgotten Planet, discussing the island's current state, history and unauthorised photo shoots by urban explorers. All rights reserved. Sakamoto reflects on the people who once lived there and risked their lives in the mines below. Hong, 215. Schools, bath houses, temples, restaurants, markets, even a graveyard, were built, all on a space the size of a football field. If you've seen the James Bond movie Skyfall (2012) you may already know this place: that desolate island that was the villain's lair . Hashima, you see, is completely abandoned. The corporates effort to disregard and conceal the history of atrocity continues today: The extent of Mitsubishis exploitation of workers is still clouded by the corporations long-running efforts to deny compensation and to restrict access to historical records17. It's so creepy, that you think it can't be real. In 2002, Swedish filmmaker Thomas Nordanstad visited the island with Dotokou, a Japanese man who grew up on Hashima. Still from KBS (Korea Broadcasting System). [37] The Japanese Cultural Institute in Mexico used the images of Corpart Muller and Smith in the photography exhibition "Fantasmas de Gunkanjima", organized by Daniela Rubio, as part of the celebrations surrounding 200 years of diplomacy between Mexico and Japan. HASHIMA, Japan, 2002 documentary version from Thomas Nordanstad on Vimeo. The island's nickname came from its resemblance from a distance to the Japanese battleship Tosa.[5]. By what name was The Battleship Island (2017) officially released in Canada in English? In 2017, the city of Nagasaki permanently closed the way to the cemetery, claiming that the urns have been moved to a nearby temple without providing clear reasons or confirmation of their relocation21. Synenko also believes that the film and aforementioned Google Street View project served as a motivator to preserve the sites physical remains (which) not only bolstered (the islands) tourism campaign, but also bestowed legitimacy on Japans bid to include the surrounding region under UNESCOs list of protected sites without any formal recognition of the injustices that resulted from Japans policy of conscripting miners from China and Korean Peninsula11, 12. Concrete was specifically used to protect against typhoon destruction. Hong, Insoo. from By 1944, Hashima and Takashima Island housed 1,355 Korean workers about 25 per cent of the population working under the extreme conditions 1000m below sea level, where methane gas accumulated in the cramped shafts17. According to Dakajane, a local representative of Nagasaki Zainichi Kankoujin no jinken o mamoru kai(Nagasaki Association to Protect the Human Rights of Korean Residents) group, notes that when the Mitsubishi left Takashima mines in 1988, they destroyed the cemetery entrance and the surrounding stonewalls20. "Once they reached 5,000 people or more out there, it was recognized as the most densely populated place on earthever," says Thomas Nordanstad, a Swedish filmmaker. A group of teenagers will now step foot on this island to capture paranormal encounters on tape. Young-Sik Jeon, one of the few survivors from this island recalls of their living conditions on the island recalls his memory of discriminatory and poor living conditions of the island in his interview featured in a documentary Hell Island: Gunkanjima produced by KBS (Korea Broadcasting System) in 2010: In the 9-floor building, the lowest level basement suites were for Koreans. Hashima is located approximately 20km southwest of Nagasaki, a city that had an existing influx of Western knowledge and culture before the Japanese government opening their ports to foreign trade in 18543. To accommodate the growing population from the influx of labourers and their families, the first concrete high-rise apartment in Japan was built on Hashima Island. Coal was first discovered on the island around 1810,[6] and the island was continuously inhabited from 1887 to 1974 as a seabed coal mining facility. The island has been administered as part of Nagasaki city since the merger with the former town of Takashima in 2005. The director's cut of the film is 150 minutes long in duration while the original theatrical version is about 132 minutes long. Skyfall (2012) James Bond's loyalty to M is tested when her past comes back to haunt her. From abandoned mines to Unesco heritage. The Haunting History of Hashima Island | Prism of the Past 90,148 views Jun 1, 2021 4.7K Dislike Share iilluminaughtii 1.21M subscribers Welcome to Prism of the Past, a weekly series about. In one scene, Sakamoto returns to the apartment where he lived with his family 30 years ago. HASHIMA: Battleship Island JAPANESE Top Documentary 9 subscribers Subscribe 0 No views 1 minute ago #HashimaIsland #Gunkanjima #BattleshipIsland HASHIMA: WASHIPS ISLAND JAPANESE Hashima. In 1916, the company built Japan's first large reinforced concrete building (a 7-floor miner's apartment block),[7] to accommodate their burgeoning ranks of workers. The male idol groups in this docuseries, such as Johnnys West, Naniwa Danshi and SixTONES, are more contemporary artists. The windows were gated by metal fences to prevent them from escaping with a watchtower nearby18. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Japans Battleship Island is Hashima Full Documentary 2015 HD Cyril Mengel 159 subscribers 3.8K views 5 years ago The installation version of Hashima, by CM Von Hausswolff and Thomas. However, their excitement Read allHashima Island was once the most densely populated island but has been a ghost island since 1974. Build a site and generate income from purchases, subscriptions, and courses. The Concept and the Roles of Difficult Heritage. Korean Journal of Urban History 20, (2018): 163-192. He's a bad dude, and his evil island lair seems a fitting place for him a rotting heap of buildings sitting out in the middle of the ocean, populated with derelict buildings. Hong, 2514. A 46, no. But two years ago something strange happened. [47], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}323740N 1294418E / 32.62778N 129.73833E / 32.62778; 129.73833. [32][33] [38], The island has appeared in a number of feature films. Engaging Hashima: Memory Work, Site-Based Affects, and the Possibilities of Interruption. Geohumanities 2, no. HASHIMA, Japan, documentary version 14 years ago Thomas Nordanstad The deserted island of Gunkanjima, as it is most often called, was a coal mining colony based on an island roughly the size of a football field. When people resided on the island, the Nomo Shosen line served the island from Nagasaki Port via Ijima Island and Takashima Island. Piyapan Choopetch's paranormal thriller sees five Thai filmmakers struggle with the after-effects of a location shoot on Hashima, the abandoned Japanese island which inspired the villain&#821 Hashima Island: Visit the Abandoned Battleship Island in Japan If You Dare. In 2015, Hashima Island was listed as UNESCO World Heritage Site, as a part of Nagasaki Prefecture in Sites of Japans Meiji Industrial Revolution: Iron and Steel, Shipbuilding and Coal Mining encompassing 23 sites of industrial facilities and institutions that accelerated Japanese modernization1. 22. In the late 1880s, coal was found on the sea floor beneath the island. Hashima Island (, or simply Hashima, as -shima is a Japanese suffix for island), commonly called Gunkanjima (, meaning Battleship Island), is a tiny abandoned island off Nagasaki, lying about 15 kilometres (8 nautical miles) from the centre of the city. It is one of 505 uninhabited islands in Nagasaki Prefecture. They realize something ominous is creeping up on them and the hair-raising Read all. "We met a lot of embarrassment. However, it is an exemplary site of a difficult heritage2 that overlooks reparations for Japans colonial ramifications that continue to this date. A group of teenagers will now step foot on this island to capture paranormal encounters on tape. It's yet another shameful chapter in the island's history. Japans Hashima Island was once the most densely populated island in the world. Dream: Japan Episode. Since April 2009, the island has been open for public visits,[15][31] although there are restrictions by Nagasaki city's ordinance. This particular path of narrative along with decontextualized ruin fetishization foster Japans unwillingness to confront and acknowledge the difficult heritage and prolong the colonial ramifications of their imperial past. It was estimated that landing of tourists would only be feasible for fewer than 160 days per year because of the area's harsh weather. Arirang News. The island reached a peak population of 5,259 in 1959. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Fukushima was hit by three deadly disasters on March 11, 2011 when a tsunami, earthquake and subsequent nuclear disaster devastated the prefecture. 13. Viewers also learn how miso, dashi and soy sauce provide saltiness and umami to Japanese dishes. And there is something not right about the place. Aokigahara is known as the suicide forest in Japan while Hashima Island (commonly known as Gunkanjima) is a tiny abandoned island near Nagasaki that used to be a coal mining island until 1974. The Concept and the Roles of Difficult Heritage. Korean Journal of Urban History 20, (2018): 169-172 Difficult heritage is a term referring to a site embedded with the painstaking and shameful history that forms and influences the sites national identity upon becoming a site of heritage which is followed by both political and memory conflicts from its heritage-making process. The architectural ruins of a microcosm of Japans early industrial capitalism9 is embedded with traces of lives that populated the island invoking the nostalgic poetics of space and also remains as a glorified national monument to industrialized Japan. This case of Hashima Island as difficult heritage will be examined in different perspectives to discern multiple factors hindering its reconciliation with the colonial past and affected countries. It took 50 minutes to travel from the island to Nagasaki. However, their excitement Hashima Island was once the most densely populated island but has been a ghost island since 1974. However, some of the collapsed exterior walls have been restored with concrete. :)YouTube MEMBER (LiveStream Perks)https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCa7xWePhgtgYNgyXSK63I4Q/joinLPATREON (BTS+Blog)http://patreon.com/steveroninEQUIPMENT I USEMY MAIN CAMERA https://amzn.to/2CxE2hhMY SECONDARY CAMERA https://bhpho.to/2CfJnJSMY MINI SECONDARY CAMERA https://bhpho.to/2CdOB8MTHE BEST LAPTOP https://bhpho.to/2IEtrqYMY GOPRO https://bhpho.to/2CgRo1cMY DRONE https://bhpho.to/2CgEC2zMY TRIPOD https://bhpho.to/2CdOM3WMY GORILLA TRIPOD https://bhpho.to/2CiIRLfTHE ULTIMATE VLOG LIGHThttps://bhpho.to/2IEsxL6THE ULTIMATE PHOTO LIGHThttps://bhpho.to/2IFbdWdALL OF MY EQUIPMENT IN ONE PAGEhttps://kit.com/steveroninThe Music I Use Music Bed http://share.mscbd.fm/exploringwithsteveEpidemic Sound https://goo.gl/OP7CWF Purchase My Photos Herehttps://www.pictorem.com/profile/Steve.RoninFOLLOW ESPINAS AND THELONETOGespinas3https://instagram.com/espinas3?igshid=3nld0sowwwv4 thelonetoghttps://instagram.com/thelonetog?igshid=10t2bh9sqkchpFor Business Inquires/Sponsorships contact me exploringwithsteve@gmail.comHelp Translate My Videoshttp://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?c=UCa7xWePhgtgYNgyXSK63I4Q\u0026tab=2#Abandoned #Exploration #Steveronin Absent of human life or natural resources, Hashima is now a concrete mass of constellations and significations, which Burke-Gaffney portrays as the end result of development what the world would be like when we finish urbanizing and exploiting it: a ghost planet spinning through space silent, naked, and useless8. There is nothing pretty about it. Sing, Dance, Act: Kabuki Featuring Toma Ikuta, Midnight Asia: Eat. Nordanstad became interested in Hashima's history, and wanted to make a documentary about the island. [14], Today, its most notable features are the abandoned and still mostly-intact concrete apartment buildings, the surrounding seawall, and its distinctive profile shape. Watch 7NEWS nightly at 6pm and weekdays at 11:30am and 4pm on Channel 7 and 7plus. Those interested in peeking behind the scenes at a top idol agency in Japan will appreciate the insight of this docuseries that tracks the groups over several weeks. Thomas Nordanstad, The deserted island of Gunkanjima, as it is most often called, was a coal mining colony based on an island roughly the size of a football field. Transformation of Gunkanjima (Battleship Island): From a Coalmine Island to a Modern Industrial Heritage Tourism Site in Japan. Journal of Heritage Tourism 12, no. For a while, I thought he was going to buy the Hashima piece, but he didn't. And that's why people left so quickly. Hashimoto et al., 111. Farrier speaks with locals about the macabre history behind each location, bringing to life the stories tied to each place. In addition a visitor walkway 220 meters (722feet) in length was planned, and entry to unsafe building areas was to be prohibited. [21][22][25] The site was subsequently approved for inclusion on the UNESCO World Heritage list on 5 July as part of the item Sites of Japan's Meiji Industrial Revolution: Iron and Steel, Shipbuilding and Coal Mining. On the island, the teenagers are thrilled as they explore. "And the Mistubishi Company told the people that they would have some work for them on the mainland, provided on a first come, first served basis. As a nonprofit campaign group leader of Gunkanjima o Sekai isan ni suru kai (The Association to Make Gunkanjima a World Heritage Site), Sakamoto Doutoku shares his fond nostalgia of Hashima in the 1960s and 1970s by leading commercial and other tours to the island and through written publications of the island22. A group of teenagers will now step foot on this island to capture paranormal encounters on tape. [citation needed] A small portion of the island was finally reopened for tourism in 2009, but more than 95% of the island is strictly delineated as off-limits during tours. Increasing interest in the island resulted in an initiative for its protection as a site of industrial heritage. Accessed April 26, 2021. https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20170322176500371. The island featured in the movie captivated international attention, which eventually led Google to produce an interactive Street View navigational interface that linked to the films narrative11. Engaging Hashima: Memory Work, Site-Based Affects, and the Possibilities of Interruption. Geohumanities 2, no. In the mid-19th century Northern Kyushu, coal was already in use for personal consumption and coal digging on Hashima began in 1810 at a modest scale for fishermen as a source of extra income5. The 6.3-hectare island is off the coast of Nagasaki, about 15 km from the city center. For reasons of cost-effectiveness, the city considered cancelling plans to extend the visitor walkway furtherfor an approximate 300metres (984feet) toward the eastern part of the island and approximately 190metres (623feet) toward the western part of the islandafter 2009. Thus, the island was left as if a neutron bomb had gone through it, with peoples breakfasts remaining on the tables, bicycles leaning on the walls, and beds still unmade. Mitsubishi officially closed the mine in January 1974, and the island was cleared of inhabitants on 20 April. aired August 8th, 2010. Hashima - Part 1 and 2 and in better resolution Thomas Nordanstad 823 subscribers Subscribe 2.7K 598K views 11 years ago If you came across the original film divided up in two part, you will have. Gunkanjima no kindai kenchikugun ni kansuru jisshteki kenky [Site Research on the Modern Architectural Forms of Gunkanjima], Tokyo: Tokyo Denki Daigaku. In this meeting, the UNESCO committee concluded that Japan's effort and progress to implement appropriate measures to commemorate the victims and acknowledge the full history of the island were unsatisfactory and requested Japan to keep their promises. Japanophiles can satiate their passion for the country through this selection of documentaries. No matter how you look at it, the only interpretation is that this was forced labor. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. The island is known as Hashima, or alternatively as Gunkanjima ("Battleship") Island, and it sits about nine miles off the Japanese coast in the East China Sea. Synenko argues that this prolific visual culture encouraged Japan to adopt a triumphalist attitude toward the sites of its industrial past and reinforced with films like Skyfall replacing expressions of loss, trauma or reparation with hollow themes intended to produce mass entertainment12. In 1974, with the coal reserves nearing depletion, the mine was closed and all of the residents departed soon after, leaving the island effectively abandoned for the following three decades. In the 32-minute episode the audience learns about the owners of the popular Izakaya Toyo, one of Osakas oldest takoyaki stalls Umai-ya and an okonomiyaki shop called Fue. He has been the primary facilitator of interaction with the island for former residents, academic researchers, and documentary and feature filmmakers, again reproducing and reinforcing the romanticized narrative of Hashima island with no regards to its brutal history22. Their song Kasa was number one on the Billboard Japan Download Chart in October 2019, while their album Ceremony was one of the 10 best-selling records of 2020 worldwide, selling around one million copies. And two years later, the movie came out.". The island is known as Hashima, or alternatively as Gunkanjima ("Battleship") Island, and it sits about nine miles off the Japanese coast in the East China Sea. Yeon-Hap News, March 23, 2017. Their song Kasa was number one on the Billboard Japan Download Chart in October 2019, while their album Ceremony was one of the 10 best-selling records of 2020 worldwide, selling around one million copies. In episode two, chef and cookbook author Samin Nosrat introduces viewers to the wide variety of salt in Japan and teaches them that salt tastes different depending on where it comes from and how its produced. Hashima Island is also widely known as Gunkanjima (Battleship Island) its silhouette defined by concrete high rises, mining facilities and seawall resembling a battleship. Certain collapsed exterior walls have since been restored, and travel to Hashima was reopened to tourists on April 22, 2009. One amazingly kinetic experience, splendid production values and some of the most intense staging and action you'll see within the korean film industry. Without proper reconciliation from the islands past of historical injustice, labour maltreatment, imperialism, and global industrial capitalism24, it remains in situ as a site of violence and exploitation yet generating wealth by attracting ruin enthusiast and alike continuously cultivating and reproducing colonial views. Theindustrial areas included Hashima, which housed a coal mine and was also a site of Korean slave labor during World War II. 5:25. Between 1891 and 1974, around 15.7 million tons of coal were excavated in mines with temperatures of 30C and 95% humidity. If you find this film confusing and difficult to follow, rest assured the language barrier has little if anything to do with it. The social life of industrial ruins : a case study of Hashima Island. Thesis, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Humanities, African Studies, 2015: 154. Required fields are marked *. Yet, only a few historical records and the voices of the survivors acknowledge or testify the painstaking history of Hashima Island. [1][8][9][10] During this period, many of those conscripted labourers died on the island due to various dangers, including underground accidents, exhaustion, and malnutrition; 137 died by one estimate;[11] about 1300 by another. The scenes on the island were actually shot in a studio. https://youtu.be/7QSDGLvfi4k. The Abandoned Island of Nagasaki - Hashima [Documentary] 8,828 views Jan 30, 2017 72 Dislike Share Save DeepWiki 319 subscribers Today we look into one of the places that is most devoid of life. . From samurai and street food to kabuki and idols, there is something for everyone in these Japan documentaries. 11 (2014): 2569-2584. The film crew documents from the start to the finish, the entire three months of the creation of Millennium Parades special track 2992. Fans of King Gnu and those interested in the Japanese music scene will enjoy this enlightening documentary. Dixon, Deborah P., Mark Pendleton, and Carina Fearnley. Hashima Island was once the most densely populated island but has been a ghost island since 1974. However, when the Mitsubishi corporation evacuated Hashima Island in 1974, their urns were relocated to a cemetery for foreign workers on the neighbouring Takashima island19. So the filmmakers went to Japan, but found that the Japanese weren't interested in talking about it. Norandstad and Hausswolff eventually found someone to take them out to the island. Hashima Island was once the most densely populated island but has been a ghost island since 1974. Dixon et al.,18424. In total, there were thirty concrete buildings compactly erected on this tiny piece of land where one could walk between any two points on the island in less than it took to finish a cigarette, creating a labyrinth of corridors and staircases connect(ing) all the apartment blocks as described by Burke-Gaffney8. Characters in the film at several points mention "the company" they work for, but which is never named. In this documentary, popular actor and idol Toma Ikuta joins his childhood friend and kabuki artist Matsuya Onoe in the final season of an independent kabuki production called Idomu (Challenge). "[27], A monitoring mechanism for the implementation of 'the measures to remember the victims' was set up by the World Heritage Committee[25] and it was assessed during the WHC Session in June 2018. On the contrary to being represented as a celebrated achievement of modern Japan, the foreign labourers experience of the first concrete high-rise apartment in Japan was close to living in a prison cell. Hashima Island was once the most densely populated island but has been a ghost island since 1974. 11 (2014): 2571-2. Their tracks Ichizu and Sakayume are also in the popular anime movieJujutsu Kaisen 0. Those who died without relatives were cremated and buried on Hashima island. The island is known as Hashima, or alternatively as Gunkanjima ("Battleship") Island, and it sits about nine miles off the Japanese coast in the East China Sea. Power your marketing strategy with perfectly branded videos to drive better ROI. Geolocating Popular Memory: Recorded Images of Hashima Island After Skyfall. Popular Communication 16, no. There's nothing beautiful about it. Host virtual events and webinars to increase engagement and generate leads. Hashima Island (, or simply Hashima, as -shima is a Japanese suffix for island), commonly called Gunkanjima (, meaning Battleship Island), is a tiny abandoned island off Nagasaki, lying about 15 kilometres (8 nautical miles) from the centre of the city. Thus, his spatial memory of the island has ossified into a particular path which a specific narrative of the past is constructed that weaves its way through the mass of Hashima-related publishing and heritage campaign materials 23. 7. Profound for the simple reason that this film breathes life into history by presenting this extraordinarily gripping true story. Farrier speaks with locals about the macabre history behind each location, bringing to life the stories tied to each place. Absolutely stunning. At the time, Nagasaki City planned the restoration of a pier for tourist landings in April 2008. A boardwalk has been built around half the island, but that's about as close as you can get. Dance. Pollution from Tijuana River contaminates marine border areas, Out of reach: Over 40 academic editors leave global publishing company they say overcharged to publish their work, interest in Hashima as a grisly tourist site has grown, Doutoku Sakamoto wants the island to be recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Portugals president says country should apologize, 'assume responsibility' for slave trade, Indian govt removes parts of Muslim history from federal textbooks, El Salvador's bitcoin experiment rides on choppy seas as currency fluctuates, Azerbaijan establishes checkpoint at Lachin Corridor, spiking tensions in Nagorno-Karabakh, You dont know if youre ever coming back: Stories from a bus ride out of Khartoum, In Russia, a novel about a summer romance between two men sparks outrage, Military spending around the world reached record highs last year, new data shows. In the late 1880s, coal was found on the sea floor beneath the island. If viewers want to know what life is like once the trains stop running in Japans capital, then they should try living vicariously through the Tokyoites in this episode. 3. Not only can fans of Ikuta watch their idol learn a new skillset, they can also catch a rare glimpse into the world of kabuki from rehearsal to the pre-show make-up room. Enjoy one of my best films.big thank you to espinas! Lee, Hyunkyung. A former coal mine in the middle of the sea. The theme will be familiar to horror buffs, a group of teens or near teens visit a haunted house. people/km2) for the residential district. Japan, Permanently Blocking the Entrance to Offering Memorial Where Korean Forced Labourers Are Buried. Japanese colonization of Korea began in 1910, which deprived Korean peasants of their lands and they were eventually conscripted as labourers to the various mining facilities in Japan15. See production, box office & company info. Exploring Worlds Largest Abandoned City In 4K | Hashima Island Gunkanjima Battleship Island Steve Ronin 847K subscribers Join Subscribe 9.3K Share Save 452K views 3 years ago JAPAN CHECK OUT MY. Since the abandoned island has not been maintained, several buildings have collapsed, mainly due to typhoon damage, and other buildings are in danger of collapse. . The Future of Ruins: The Baroque Melancholy of Hashima. Environment and Planning. In 1938, colonial Japan enacted martial law concerning the mobilization of human resources and material that legitimized extensive and coercive conscription of Korean labourers to help produce munitions and fuel during the war period16. [26], On the same day immediately after the UNESCO WHC meeting, Japanese Foreign Minister Fumio Kishida publicly explained that "the remarks [forced to work under harsh conditions] by the Japanese government representative did not mean 'forced labor'"[27][28] and that "they were requisitioned under the National Requisition Ordinance which was applied to the Korean Peninsula at the time and that, given the nature of the policy of requisition, there were also cases in which they were requisitioned against their will".

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