Loorbach, N., Karreman, J., & Steehouder, M. (2013). But what if the task at hand is to successfully kill yourself as well as others? Sink the enemy and thus pave the road for our peoples victory. Our remarks on Manual 2 cannot be as extensive as for Manual 1, as we have been so far unable to locate the Japanese text of Manual 2. Or, more pressing for technical communicators, is writing such a manual at all ethical? Neologism 9. The fathers voice is never actually heard in the poem. This vastly different sense of pilot mortality affects the form of the instructions, in that typical safety information, basic defensive measures, or maintenance procedures are not considered; the manuals nature is entirely offensive and single-pathed toward the desired state. You should always refer to your own text when working through these examples. Slangs 14. 7879). From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. it is often difficult to confirm the battle result. Negative verdicts of military discourse include sexism in a U.S. vehicle maintenance manual (Bernhardt, 1992), communicative incompetence by a Civil War general (Loges, 1995), dangerous negligence to a nearby civilian community by a U.S. facility (Dragga & Gong, 2014), and inconsistency to the long-term detriment of soldier health in medical discourse (Lindsey, 2015). Those willing to serve were twice as numerous as the available planes (Feifer, 2012, p.156). The first full stop of the entire poem occurs at the end of the fifth stanza as the pilot makes the life altering decision to turn back and the remainder of the poem is in the voice of his daughter. The poem presents itself as a first-person account of an migre's relationship with her homeland. This makes us feel a part of the pilots daughters reminiscences as she explains to her own children what her father must have felt like as he progressed on his suicide mission. (2006). Kamikaze is a narrative poem. Recently revamped and expanded, this free lesson includes analyses of key quotations, differentiated activities and helpful notes for both teachers and students. (p. 81). The main focus of Manual 2, based on the translated excerpts, is threefold: 1) mental and spiritual preparation, 2) technical instruction, and 3) vivid and lurid description of the suicidal act. Upon his return, however, his whole family disown himincluding the poem's main speaker, his daughter. We suspect that the images were added at a later time, perhaps because the directives by themselves are hard to mentally picture. In the West, a military manual would generally assume there is at least a chance of returning alive. 'green blue translucent sea'. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 47(1), 526. Horne, A. In A. We're your National Curriculum aligned online education content provider helping each child succeed in English, maths and science from year 1 to GCSE. She never lost her love of poetry however and began to join poetry classes and workshops. However, at least according to paragraph 36, only one plane was to attack each target, so it is possible that a given Togo pilot would not be able to glance at an allys plane for reassurance before the final approach. Analyse the Language Techniques Used in the Poem 'Kamikaze' by Beatrice Garland In this worksheet, students will analyse the language devices used in the poem 'Kamikaze' by Beatrice Garland. 3. a person or thing that behaves in a wildly reckless or destructive manner. With planes full of explosives and just enough fuel to make it to their target, kamikaze pilots had to fly directly at American warships to inflict maximum damagekilling themselves in the process. . Prepare GCSE English students for their AQA English Literature Paper 2 exam with Beyonds series of revise blogs, which delve into the detail of key syllabus texts. The pedagogy of manual writing can be enhanced by the use of such gripping examples, especially cross-culturally. http://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/29/us/a-nation-challenged-notes-found-after-the-hijackings.html. The title refers to Japanese pilots during World War II tasked with flying a suicide mission. The last line of each stanza is noticeably shorter and indented which emphasises its importance. journey into history, but half way This further enhances the sense of disconnect from the reader and the mans family. The tuna, a dark prince, reminds us of the dangers and menaces of the natural world. yes, grandfathers [ Placeholder content for popup link ] 374.6 KB. De Velasco, J. Method: We examine Japanese military ideology at a particular stage in the war to contextualize a rhetorical analysis of the two translated texts. There are four images within Manual 1, which we will refer to as Dive, Formations, Attack Assignments, and Dive II, labeled as images 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively. (p. 78). If you want to see what we offer first,sign up for a free Twinkl account hereand take a look aroundat our free resources. Buy my revision guides in paperback on Amazon*:Power and Conflict poetry guide (ebook) https://bit.ly/2PS8bw6 Mr Bruff's Guide to GCSE English Language ht. We're here to help each child succeed. Suicide attacks were made by pilots of other nations, such as the Germans (Feifer, 2012), but they were not organized. They are not aiding, helping, assisting, or striking a blowthey are a necessary vanguard for any eventual victory or peace without surrender. Kamikaze. However, we note that the entire manual, once read through, has a noticeable additive effect. The powerful incantations line gives a reader a sense of the mystical and almost fanatical nature of the way the pilots were prepared for their journeys. And the living embodiment of all wonderful things from our past is the Imperial Family, which is also the crystallization of the splendor and beauty of Japan and its people. Line-by-Line Analysis Beatrice Garland - Beatrice Garland is an English poet that won War II with a surprise attack on Pearl Harbour (a the 2001 National Poetry Prize for her poem 'Undressing.' She wrote no poetry for some time after, instead focusing her Fatal deliverance from an Iron Storm. It is also, in our opinion, chilling. Unusual and compelling artifacts such as these kamikaze manuals work well to bring alive in the classroom a usually mundane yet fundamental corner of technical communication. The paper is inexpensive and it could be easily replaced if damaged, destroyed, or lost. In this way, the manual emphasizes that the pilot is not alone when he makes his final approach; it is a team effort. As such, the larger organizational strategy, or any graphics, are unavailable. It is unclear who launched the first kamikaze attack, but they seem to originate spontaneously in mid-late 1944. Continuing to reinforce the desired state, the manual emphasizes seeshin-teki yooso (mental or emotional strength): (6) In order to complete the assigned tasks, Togo troop [members] have to possess not only seeshin-teki yooso (mental or emotional strength) but also eyes that can determine opportunities and skills in order to achieve goals. It is important to reiterate here, especially in a 21st century age of peacetime terrorism, that the Togo attacks were expressly directed toward military targets. If it is inevitable and they become separated, the Togo troop commander needs to quickly [ishi o motte] (own a clear will) and continue moving forward. It is like a long shot in a movie suddenly turning into a close-up and the scene expands in your face. But an angle of dive that is too small will result in reduced speed and not enough impact on crashing. The repeated short imperative statements here, like in Manual 1, are effectively maxims, a terse declaration of essential wisdom and action. The word kamikaze means 'divine wind' in Japanese. There is no room or reason for deviance. Other military discourse studies roughly parallel to ours suggest, curiously, that there are many important artifacts to be explored in military documents, but none of them ever reflect well on the military. Naoko Ozaki teaches Japanese at Rice University in Houston, Texas. Because Manual 1 is written in an older dialect of Japanese, it was necessary to first translate the text from older Japanese to modern Japanese, and then to English. A classical case of poor communication: P.G.T. We begin by providing some historical context as well as a discussion of Japanese military ideology in the last stage of the war; second, we describe relevant literature and our method of approach; third, we discuss our findings from our rhetorical analysis of the two manuals; and fourth, we note the special ethical concerns that the texts raise, before making some final conclusions. The title refers to Japanese pilots during World War II tasked with flying a suicide mission. Thematic analysis of U.S. and Latin American CEO letters. Form, structure and language Form. . Refine any search. Descent into Hell: The Battle of Okinawa. Individually, each paragraph serves as a dry instructional maxim, but taken all together, they make the act of suicide seem inevitable by providing only one pathtoward death. Correll, J. T. (2015). Her father embarked Imperative 4. This made even conventional air attacks near suicidal, as they largely had to be made by inexperienced pilots in decrepit aircraft against increasingly plentiful and better-armored American planes. Any other use is strictly forbidden. In the following questions, you will be asked to analyse the language devices used in the poem. Suicide is rendered as trigonometry. The poem exploresthe moment that the pilot's decision is made andthe consequences for him over the rest of his life. Rhetoric goes to war: The doctrine of ancient and medieval military manuals. Personification 13. Key Words 'kamikaze' - a Japanese word that literally means 'divine wind'. kamikaze one of a group of Japanese WW2 pilots who flew on suicide missions samurai sword a traditional Japanese sword cairns piles of stones, usually to mark something breakers waves that hit the shoreline what is this poem about The poem opens with a kamikaze pilot setting off on his mission. ), Rethinking rhetorical theory, criticism, and pedagogy (pp. This suggests, then, the possible presence of an unwanted state. A valuable critical overview of WWIIpoets by the Poetry Foundation. It is one thing to be asked, as part of ones duty, to kill yourself via direct personal order; it is another to be ordered to do so through, or with assistance from, the medium of a manual (Manual 2) or to order others to kill themselves with the aid of a manual (Manual 1). The Japanese navy and army were issued a pocket-sized Instructions for the Battlefield, or Senjinkun, published in January 1941, which portrayed surrender or capture as strictly forbidden and dishonorable (Correll, 2015). Lyons Press. Garland's poem was in part inspired by this article, an interview with two kamikaze pilots. Instant PDF downloads. And though he Idioms 7. We cannot connect the manual directly to the effectiveness of Togo unit discipline, but the existence of the manual and its arguments suggest that discipline was a concern. To further support the desired state, Manual 1 consistently strives to normalize its intended task of suicide attacks: (26) Although it varies depending on the condition, particularly the airplane types, weather conditions, etc., charging is [done] by a steep descent or extremely low-altitude flight. This mindset was not limited to Togo pilots; the mass suicides of both Japanese soldiers and civilians during the invasion of Okinawa paralleled the intense kamikaze attacks of the war off the coast (Shimpo et al., 2014, p. 3). It is one of the poems in the AQA Anthology. The first official Togo unit was formed in October of 1944 by Vice Admiral Takijiro Onishi (Correll, 2015) during the second battle of Leyte Gulf, but the bulk of organized, sanctioned kamikaze attacks occurred during the Battle of Okinawa in AprilJune 1945, when nearly 1,500 planes and pilots (the vast majority of whom were inexperienced) were used to sink approximately 24 American ships (Baer, 1996). The Battle of Okinawa: The blood and the bomb. Flammia, M., & Voss, D. (2007). The Japanese army and navy in WWII, through the Senjinkun and propaganda, were quick to link the sense of duty in bushido to the war effort. Sections of the poem are presented in italics as. In this worksheet, students will identify the language techniques used in both 'Kamikaze' and 'Poppies' and explain their effect on the reader. Henning, T., & Bemer, A. docx, 13.1 KB. He embarks on his final, suicide mission with thoughts of glory and his country filling him but then sees the world below him as he flies. In other words, we wanted to learn how the authors of these manuals intended for them to function rhetorically, by our describing how the various argumentative elements present in the text worked together to achieve the authors intentionsthe implicit rhetorical dynamics. Our initial examination of Manual 1 suggested that its paragraph-centric structure had an additive or cumulative rhetorical effect on the reader that could best be explained by such a holistic view. The words spoken in the later stanzas are the daughters imaginings of what her father saw and thought (half way there, she thought) rather than the pilots own. Worksheet. Any defection would have led, of course, to immediate execution, and the pilots, as we will discuss later, were naturally racked with fear and doubt even as they followed orders. Imagery 2. Both poems highlight the effects that conflict can have on families and men who go to war. The essay also focuses on bushido (which originated with the samurai warriors). These two approaches, the dive and the horizontal, mimic the two common naval bombing techniques at the time: the dive bomber and the torpedo bomber. fathers boat safe. Given the approach speeds of the planes being over a hundred knots, it is good advice for increasing the chance of hitting the target. It also appears that this manual could be used in multiple Togo units as its orders are not from any specific source and are applicable to several tactical situations. Naval Institute Press. The concept of "god" was originally represented only by the right part, . At that moment, you see your mothers face. Indeed, many U.S. military manuals in use emphasize multiple survival techniques, but there is no such expectation here for Togo pilots, save in circumstances when the target ship or ships cannot be found, in which case the pilot was expected to return, and fly and die another day. This visual depiction creates an abstract fantasy world. Get started for free to track progress, measure results and access thousands of educational activities in English, maths and science. His children, too, gradually learn that he is not to be spoken to and begin to isolate and reject him. The absence of doubt is substantial; the manual makes killing yourself for your country just another procedure. Further research into military documentation, especially those not yet translated into English, from the perspective of technical communication and rhetoric would be fruitful. Stackpole Books. Some may have flown but deliberately missed their targets, perhaps, but the existent diaries and letters cannot testify to the final flights. Technical Communication, 54(1), 7487. Purpose: We rhetorically explore the phenomenon of kamikaze attacks from a technical communication and rhetorical perspective by analyzing two 1945 Japanese military manuals, directed, respectively, to officers and pilots on how to organize and conduct suicide attacks against American warships.

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