Dinosaur communities were separated by both time and geography. [171], Comparisons between the scleral rings of dinosaurs and modern birds and reptiles have been used to infer daily activity patterns of dinosaurs. By contrast, ornithischians"bird-hipped", from the Greek ornitheios () meaning "of a bird" and ischion () meaning "hip joint"had a pelvis that superficially resembled a bird's pelvis: the pubic bone was oriented caudally (rear-pointing). Eric Dubay: Dinosaurs Never Existed! - YouTube [117] Most of these other animals became extinct in the Triassic, in one of two events. As clarified by British geologist and historian Hugh Torrens, Owen had given a presentation about fossil reptiles to the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1841, but reports of the time show that Owen did not mention the word "dinosaur", nor recognize dinosaurs as a distinct group of reptiles in his address. [115] The referral of the Manda Formation to the Anisian is also uncertain. Did Dinosaurs Actually Exist? | Answers in Genesis [140], The sauropods were the largest and heaviest dinosaurs. [37] This basic form was modified by rotating the pubis backward to varying degrees in several groups (Herrerasaurus,[130] therizinosauroids,[131] dromaeosaurids,[132] and birds[14]). [222][263], Fossils of the troodonts Mei and Sinornithoides demonstrate that some dinosaurs slept with their heads tucked under their arms. September 2022. The fossil record shows that birds are feathered dinosaurs, having evolved from earlier theropods during the Late Jurassic epoch, and are the only dinosaur lineage known to have survived the CretaceousPaleogene extinction event approximately 66mya. [236], The possibility that dinosaurs were the ancestors of birds was first suggested in 1868 by Thomas Henry Huxley. Did all the dinosaurs live together, and at the same time? Most of the largest herbivorous specimens on record were discovered in the 1970s or later, and include the massive Argentinosaurus, which may have weighed 80000 to 100000kilograms (90 to 110short tons) and reached lengths of 30 to 40 meters (98 to 131ft); some of the longest were the 33.5-meter (110ft) long Diplodocus hallorum[142] (formerly Seismosaurus), the 33-to-34-meter (108 to 112ft) long Supersaurus,[149] and 37-meter (121ft) long Patagotitan; and the tallest, the 18-meter (59ft) tall Sauroposeidon, which could have reached a sixth-floor window. [98] In 2015, Sergio Bertazzo and colleagues reported the preservation of collagen fibres and red blood cells in eight Cretaceous dinosaur specimens that did not show any signs of exceptional preservation, indicating that soft tissue may be preserved more commonly than previously thought. Dinosaurs are a diverse group of reptiles [note 1] of the clade Dinosauria. [69][70] Reference books summarizing the state of dinosaur research, such as David B. Weishampel and colleagues' The Dinosauria, made knowledge more accessible[71] and spurred further interest in dinosaur research. [10] It has also been suggested that Dinosauria be defined with respect to the MRCA of Megalosaurus and Iguanodon, because these were two of the three genera cited by Richard Owen when he recognized the Dinosauria. [167], The crests and frills of some dinosaurs, like the marginocephalians, theropods and lambeosaurines, may have been too fragile to be used for active defense, and so they were likely used for sexual or aggressive displays, though little is known about dinosaur mating and territorialism. Then came mammals. Not true. [152] Therizinosaurus and Deinocheirus were among the tallest of the theropods. Evidence for true, vaned feathers similar to the flight feathers of modern birds has been found only in the theropod subgroup Maniraptora, which includes oviraptorosaurs, troodontids, dromaeosaurids, and birds. Certain fundamentalist Christians believe the Earth is ~5,000 years old so dinosaurs never existed (because they couldn't fit on the Ark) and the bones are actually from other, more familiar animals. [252] If the former is the case, filaments may have been common in the ornithodiran lineage and evolved before the appearance of dinosaurs themselves. ", "How many dinosaur species were there? [35], Dinosaurs stand with their hind limbs erect in a manner similar to most modern mammals, but distinct from most other reptiles, whose limbs sprawl out to either side. It is the largest animal alive today. Although some later groups of dinosaurs featured further modified versions of these traits, they are considered typical for Dinosauria; the earliest dinosaurs had them and passed them on to their descendants. [81] (However, some researchers have also suggested that fossilized melanosomes represent bacterial remains. [172], Based on fossil evidence from dinosaurs such as Oryctodromeus, some ornithischian species seem to have led a partially fossorial (burrowing) lifestyle. The course "Dinosauria" was originally specified by "Sir" Richard Owen of the Royal Culture, and Superintendent of the British Museum Natural History Department in 1842. [183] A 2016 study concludes that some dinosaurs may have produced closed mouth vocalizations like cooing, hooting and booming. [28] Modern birds inhabit most available habitats, from terrestrial to marine, and there is evidence that some non-avian dinosaurs (such as Microraptor) could fly or at least glide, and others, such as spinosaurids, had semiaquatic habits. [235] Later research showed that relative brain size progressively increased during the evolution of theropods, with the highest intelligence comparable to that of modern birds calculated for the troodontid Troodon. Conifers and pteridophytes were the most common plants. [122] Another notable evolutionary event of the Jurassic was the appearance of true birds, descended from maniraptoran coelurosaurians. One example is a site in Inner Mongolia that has yielded remains of over 20 Sinornithomimus, from one to seven years old. Most species create somewhat elaborate nests which can be cups, domes, plates, beds scrapes, mounds, or burrows. [102], Dinosaurs diverged from their archosaur ancestors during the Middle to Late Triassic epochs, roughly 20million years after the devastating PermianTriassic extinction event wiped out an estimated 96% of all marine species and 70% of terrestrial vertebrate species approximately 252million years ago. Diplodocus - Wikipedia While dinosaurs were ancestrally bipedal (as are all modern birds), some prehistoric species were quadrupeds, and others, such as Anchisaurus and Iguanodon, could walk just as easily on two or four legs. This fight between the two scientists lasted for over 30 years, ending in 1897 when Cope died after spending his entire fortune on the dinosaur hunt. [307] Like the Chicxulub impact, the eruptions may also have released sulfate aerosols, which would have caused acid rain and global cooling. [135], The first potential evidence for herding or flocking as a widespread behavior common to many dinosaur groups in addition to birds was the 1878 discovery of 31Iguanodon, ornithischians that were then thought to have perished together in Bernissart, Belgium, after they fell into a deep, flooded sinkhole and drowned. [276], At the time of the K-Pg extinction, the Deccan Traps flood basalts of India were actively erupting. Because the line of dinosaurs that includes Allosaurus and Tyrannosaurus diverged from the line that led to Tenontosaurus very early in the evolution of dinosaurs, this suggests that the production of medullary tissue is a general characteristic of all dinosaurs. Originally, Troodon formosus was named after one single isolated tooth, but for a long time this has no longer been a valid way to named dinosaurs and from the beginning there have been lot of problems over this genus. [187] Some species of modern bird have no nests; the cliff-nesting common guillemot lays its eggs on bare rock, and male emperor penguins keep eggs between their body and feet. Cope's collection is now at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, while Marsh's is at the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University. [285][286], The bolide impact hypothesis, first brought to wide attention in 1980 by Walter Alvarez, Luis Alvarez, and colleagues, attributes the K-Pg extinction event to a bolide (extraterrestrial projectile) impact. but the fact that "dragons" look exactly like a dinosaur there is actually an ancient site I . Rhynchosaurs and dicynodonts survived (at least in some areas) at least as late as earlymid Norian and late Norian or earliest Rhaetian stages, respectively,[118][119] and the exact date of their extinction is uncertain. [311] In response, Luis Alvarez rejected volcanic activity as an explanation for the iridium layer and the extinction as a whole. While modern birds have only one functional oviduct and lay one egg at a time, more primitive birds and dinosaurs had two oviducts, like crocodiles. There have been many attempts to justify this, but the fact remains that without changing the laws of physics, it is not possible. The large sizes of some dinosaurs, as well as their seemingly monstrous and fantastic nature, have ensured their regular appearance in best-selling books and films, such as Jurassic Park. [267], All non-avian dinosaurs and most lineages of birds[268] became extinct in a mass extinction event, called the CretaceousPaleogene (K-Pg) extinction event, at the end of the Cretaceous period. Thanks to half a dozen of my computer saavy supporters helping scour the internet archive, we have now found and can present Robbin Koefoed's article "The Dinosaurs Never Existed," from his deleted GVENews website. [135][136] Two topics of particular interest and study have been dinosaur size and behavior. [21] As of 2008, over 30 new species of dinosaurs were named each year. The misconception that non-avian dinosaurs were uniformly gigantic is based in part on preservation bias, as large, sturdy bones are more likely to last until they are fossilized. Adeopapposaurus - A close relative of Massospondylus. This was used to imply that the ancient dinosaurs were relatively slow, sluggish organisms, even though many modern reptiles are fast and light-footed despite relying on external sources of heat to regulate their body temperature. [105], The Ischigualasto Formation (radiometrically dated at 231-230 million years old[106]) has produced the early saurischian Eoraptor, originally considered a member of the Herrerasauridae[107] but now considered to be an early sauropodomorph, along with the herrerasaurids Herrerasaurus and Sanjuansaurus, and the sauropodomorphs Chromogisaurus, Eodromaeus, and Panphagia. [253] The description of feathered dinosaurs has not been without controversy in general; perhaps the most vocal critics have been Alan Feduccia and Theagarten Lingham-Soliar, who have proposed that some purported feather-like fossils are the result of the decomposition of collagenous fiber that underlaid the dinosaurs' skin,[254][255][256] and that maniraptoran dinosaurs with vaned feathers were not actually dinosaurs, but convergent with dinosaurs. Story continues below . [147] The longest dinosaur known from good fossil material is Patagotitan: the skeleton mount in the American Museum of Natural History in New York is 37 meters (121ft) long. In addition, the cartilages were ossified, implying that laryngeal ossification is a feature of some non-avian dinosaurs. In the southern continents that had made up the now-splitting supercontinent Gondwana, abelisaurids were the common theropods, and titanosaurian sauropods the common herbivores. [179] Vocalization in non-avian dinosaurs is less certain. Last Thread Tools: Mar 22, 2016, 04:57 PM #1; tim hooper. 63. Unlike birds, the ornithischian pubis also usually had an additional forward-pointing process. [314] Combined with mathematical modelling of the seismic waves that would have been generated by the impact, this has led to the suggestion that the Chicxulub impact may have triggered these eruptions by increasing the permeability of the mantle plume underlying the Deccan Traps. Humans have an excellent track record of absolutely destroying big and impressive megafauna if given half a chance. "What was once formally considered unique to birds was present in some form in the ancestors of birds", O'Connor said. In traditional taxonomy, birds were considered a separate class that had evolved from dinosaurs, a distinct superorder. Aerosteon. It included a Velociraptor attacking a Protoceratops,[169] providing evidence that dinosaurs did indeed attack each other. [154], The smallest dinosaur known is the bee hummingbird,[155] with a length of only 5 centimeters (2.0in) and mass of around 1.8g (0.063oz). It is built on a fraudulent model to try and disprove the true creation history that was passed down from ancient texts. [12] Also notably, there was a heightened rate of extinction during the Carnian pluvial event. The Bible never says anything about dinosaurs. Rebuilding a complete skeleton by comparing the size and morphology of bones to those of similar, better-known species is an inexact art, and reconstructing the muscles and other organs of the living animal is, at best, a process of educated guesswork. [324][325][326] The age estimates have also been considered unreliable. Within the archosaur group, dinosaurs are differentiated most noticeably by their gait. Dinosaurs are another recreation of history to promote the big bang evolution teaching. These dinosaur bone sets have never formed a complete skeleton, but from these incomplete bones sets, paleontologists have constructed a hypothesis about the appearance of the whole skeleton, which they have then modelled in plastic. Walter Alvarez himself has acknowledged that the Deccan Traps and other ecological factors may have contributed to the extinctions in addition to the Chicxulub impact. [230] This material, as well as the output of the intestines, emerges from the cloaca. Brontosaurus (/ b r n t s r s /; meaning "thunder lizard" from Greek , bront "thunder" and , sauros "lizard") is a genus of gigantic quadruped sauropod dinosaurs.Although the type species, B. excelsus, had long been considered a species of the closely related Apatosaurus and therefore invalid, researchers proposed in 2015 that Brontosaurus is a . This would have helped them to conserve water. Soc. Othniel Charles Marsh described and named the first-known species, A. ajax, in 1877, and a second species, A. louisae, was discovered and named by William H. Holland in 1916. [49], Between 1815 and 1824, the Rev William Buckland, the first Reader of Geology at the University of Oxford, collected more fossilized bones of Megalosaurus and became the first person to describe a non-avian dinosaur in a scientific journal. However, because they either are common to other groups of archosaurs or were not present in all early dinosaurs, these features are not considered to be synapomorphies. Many people believe that mammals never co-existed with dinosaurs and evolved after the non-avian dinosaurs went extinct 65 million years ago. Proof that dinosaurs never existed! - RC Groups Forget Extinct: The Brontosaurus Never Even Existed : NPR [199], Genital structures are unlikely to fossilize as they lack scales that may allow preservation via pigmentation or residual calcium phosphate salts. [257], Archaeopteryx was the first fossil found that revealed a potential connection between dinosaurs and birds. Its remains were discovered in Tanzania between 1907 and 1912. In birds, the larynx plays no role in sound production. While the dinosaurs' modern-day surviving avian lineage (birds) are generally small due to the constraints of flight, many prehistoric dinosaurs (non-avian and avian) were large-bodiedthe largest sauropod dinosaurs are estimated to have reached lengths of 39.7 meters (130 feet) and heights of 18m (59ft) and were the largest land animals of all time. [14], Research by Matthew G. Baron, David B. Norman, and Paul M. Barrett in 2017 suggested a radical revision of dinosaurian systematics. [163] Congregating into herds may have evolved for defense, for migratory purposes, or to provide protection for young. The second phase, which occurred very close to the boundary, would have extruded 70 to 80% of the volume of these eruptions in intermittent pulses that occurred around 100,000 years apart. It preserves portions of the intestines, colon, liver, muscles, and windpipe. "A re-evaluation of the enigmatic dinosauriform Caseosaurus crosbyensis from the Late Triassic of Texas, USA and its implications for early dinosaur evolution". Humans are a young species when compared with dinosaurs. Better specimens also led to new species being invalidated less frequently. The scientists conclude that three known species of Brontosaurus exist: Brontosaurus excelsus, the first discovered, as well as B. parvus and B. yahnahpin. [317][318] They consider the Chicxulub impact to have worsened the ongoing climate change caused by the eruptions. [208][209] From the 1960s forward, Armand de Ricqls suggested that the presence of fibrolamellar bonebony tissue with an irregular, fibrous texture and filled with blood vesselswas indicative of consistently fast growth and therefore endothermy. [99] Suggestions that these structures represent bacterial biofilms[100] have been rejected,[101] but cross-contamination remains a possibility that is difficult to detect. The largest ornithischian dinosaur was probably the hadrosaurid Shantungosaurus giganteus which measured 16.6 meters (54ft). [88][89] More concrete evidence of internal anatomy has been reported in Scipionyx from the Pietraroja Plattenkalk of Italy. [56] Owen recognized that the remains that had been found so far, Iguanodon, Megalosaurus and Hylaeosaurus, shared distinctive features, and so decided to present them as a distinct taxonomic group. [123], There were three general dinosaur faunas in the Late Cretaceous. Did Humans Live With Dinosaurs? - AZ Animals [151][152] Other large carnivorous theropods included Giganotosaurus, Carcharodontosaurus and Tyrannosaurus. Saurischia includes the theropods (exclusively bipedal and with a wide variety of diets) and sauropodomorphs (long-necked herbivores which include advanced, quadrupedal groups).[29][133]. [86][87]) Stomach contents in some Jehol and Yanliao dinosaurs closely related to birds have also provided indirect indications of diet and digestive system anatomy (e.g., crops). Through the first half of the 20th century, before birds were recognized as dinosaurs, most of the scientific community believed dinosaurs to have been sluggish and cold-blooded. Some other diapsid groups, including crocodilians, dyrosaurs, sebecosuchians, turtles, lizards, snakes, sphenodontians, and choristoderans, also survived the event. Potato-of-All-Trades 2 yr. ago B r u h Ray-Misuto 2 yr. ago [60] Concurrently, Robert T. Bakker published a series of studies that likewise argued for active lifestyles in dinosaurs based on anatomical and ecological evidence (see Physiology),[63][64] which were subsequently summarized in his 1986 book The Dinosaur Heresies. Andrea Cau (2018). Dinosauria itself was re-defined as the last common ancestor of Triceratops horridus, Passer domesticus and Diplodocus carnegii, and all of its descendants, to ensure that sauropods and kin remain included as dinosaurs. Archosaurian reptiles that dominated the Mesozoic Era, Dinosaurs (including birds) are members of the. [11] Both definitions result in the same set of animals being defined as dinosaurs: "Dinosauria = Ornithischia + Saurischia". This was a revolutionary discovery as, until that point, most scientists had believed dinosaurs walked on four feet, like other lizards. Dinosaur fossils with scaly skin impressions have been found since the 19th century. [273] The relatively large size of most dinosaurs and the low diversity of small-bodied dinosaur species at the end of the Cretaceous may have contributed to their extinction;[274] the extinction of the bird lineages that did not survive may also have been caused by a dependence on forest habitats or a lack of adaptations to eating seeds for survival. [184] The crests of some hadosaurids and the nasal chambers of ankylosaurids have been suggested to have functioned in acoustic resonance. Cladistic analysis, among other techniques, helps to compensate for an often incomplete and fragmentary fossil record. [299][300] Soot aerosols are thought to have spread around the world over the ensuing months and years; they would have cooled the surface of the Earth by reflecting thermal radiation, and greatly slowed photosynthesis by blocking out sunlight, thus creating an impact winter. [73] Fossils of keratin-based skin coverings or bony skin coverings are known from most major groups of dinosaurs. [287] Alvarez and colleagues proposed that a sudden increase in iridium levels, recorded around the world in rock deposits at the CretaceousPaleogene boundary, was direct evidence of the impact. [228][229] However, at least some modern birds (such as hummingbirds) can be facultatively ammonotelic, excreting most of the nitrogenous wastes as ammonia. recovered the Ornithischia as being closer to the Theropoda than the Sauropodomorpha, as opposed to the traditional union of theropods with sauropodomorphs. Modern paleontologists would find such methods crude and unacceptable, since blasting easily destroys fossil and stratigraphic evidence. [194], However, there is ample evidence of precociality or superprecociality among many dinosaur species, particularly theropods. [121] The stegosaurians appear to have gone extinct at some point in the late Early Cretaceous or early Late Cretaceous. [122] Some sauropods also evolved tooth batteries, best exemplified by the rebbachisaurid Nigersaurus. They became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates after the TriassicJurassic extinction event 201.3mya and their dominance continued throughout the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. Some non-avialan dinosaurs, such as Troodon, exhibited iterative laying, where the adult might lay a pair of eggs every one or two days, and then ensured simultaneous hatching by delaying brooding until all eggs were laid. 115: 179-186, 1825; pages 140 - 141 in The Dinosaur Hunters by Deborah Cadbury, ISBN 9781857029635; and a blog by Donald Prothero available at Website * Nina Morgan is a geologist and science writer based near . [148], There were larger dinosaurs, but knowledge of them is based entirely on a small number of fragmentary fossils. [108][114] Dinosaurs may have appeared as early as the Anisian epoch of the Triassic, approximately 245million years ago, which is the age of Nyasasaurus from the Manda Formation of Tanzania. Within days, sulfate aerosols released from rocks at the impact site would have contributed to acid rain and ocean acidification. Dinosaurs in China show some differences, with specialized metriacanthosaurid theropods and unusual, long-necked sauropods like Mamenchisaurus. Birds, at over 10,700 living species, are among the most diverse groups of vertebrates. In 2021, the best preserved specimen of a dinosaur's cloacal vent exterior was described for Psittacosaurus, demonstrating lateral swellings similar to crocodylian musk glands used in social displays by both sexes and pigmented regions which could also reflect a signalling function. Dinosaurs never existed? - Red Ice [91][92][93] However, in 2005, Schweitzer and colleagues reported that a femur of Tyrannosaurus preserved soft, flexible tissue within, including blood vessels, bone matrix, and connective tissue (bone fibers) that had retained their microscopic structure. [313] Some estimates have placed the start of the second phase in the Deccan Traps eruptions within 50,000 years after the Chicxulub impact. [203] In most living species, uric acid is excreted along with feces as a semisolid waste. Knowledge about dinosaurs is derived from a variety of fossil and non-fossil records, including fossilized bones, feces, trackways, gastroliths, feathers, impressions of skin, internal organs and other soft tissues. Thanks to museums, books, and pop culture, dinosaurs remain larger-than-life. Complete nonsense) Another has his own YouTube Channel and say's that Yutyrannus and other feathered dinosaurs don't exist and are all made in China. Its anatomy indicated that it was an active predator that was likely warm-blooded, in marked contrast to the then-prevailing image of dinosaurs. Giant prehistoric mammals such as Paraceratherium (the largest land mammal ever) were dwarfed by the giant sauropods, and only modern whales approach or surpass them in size. [73] Later, in 2009, Schweitzer and colleagues reported that a Brachylophosaurus femur preserved similar microstructures, and immunohistochemical techniques (based on antibody binding) demonstrated the presence of proteins such as collagen, elastin, and laminin. Any proper look at the facts will reveal that dinosaurs simply never existed. [193] Trackways have also confirmed parental behavior among ornithopods from the Isle of Skye in northwestern Scotland. The class "Dinosauria" was originally defined by "Sir" Richard Owen of the Royal Society, and Superintendent of the British Museum Natural History Department in 1842. CT scanning of Aerosteon's fossil bones revealed evidence for the existence of air sacs within the animal's body cavity. That is why they indoctrinate the young with love of dinosaurs and books and movies etc. [292][293][294], Within hours, the Chicxulub impact would have created immediate effects such as earthquakes,[295] tsunamis,[296] and a global firestorm that likely killed unsheltered animals and started wildfires. Afromimus. None of them had the erect hind limb posture characteristic of true dinosaurs. Apatosaurus - Wikipedia The Chinese considered them to be dragon bones and documented them as such.

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