why did china become communist quizlet

The October Revolution in Russia had inspired many of them to join study groups centered on Marxist theory. This was attempted in July 1930, but failed and again led to heavy losses. [33] Proponents of peasant exploitation as a cause of the Chinese Communist Revolution argue that these rents were often exorbitant and contributed to the extreme poverty of the peasantry. Trumans desire to prevent the Korean conflict from spreading south led and Mao Zedong, met for a series of talks on the formation of a post-war Baseless as the claims are, they divert attention, at least for some, from the actual crimes against humanity being perpetrated by Russian forces in Ukraine as well as Vladimir Putins criminal actions in Russia itself, where he crushes domestic opposition to the war and his regime, often murderously. China is a communist power. [167][168], The impact of the war on the social and economics conditions of China had been brutal. Mao Zedong. Long March. Mao had returned from a previous visit to his rural home town personally convinced that the peasantry had revolutionary potential, and over the course of 1926 had established himself as an authority on rural issues while lecturing at the Peasant Training Institute. Nonetheless, the CCP's forces were still numerically inferior to the rest of the NRA, which excluding the Communists counted around 4 million regulars and 1 million militia in its ranks. Milestones: 1945-1952 - Office of the Historian The immediate effect was to make it clear to CCP leaders that a formal military apparatus was needed, and during the flight from Nanchang they founded the Chinese Red Army.[141]. Such uprisings angered senior KMT figures, who were themselves landowners, emphasising the growing class and ideological divide within the revolutionary movement. They fled to Jiangxi, where Mao Zedong had had considerable success in setting up the Chinese Soviet Republic. [17][18] Massive peasant rebellions, most notably the Taiping Rebellion, cost millions of lives and ravaged the countryside. [54][55] Mao Zedong later reflected that the May Fourth Movement "marked a new stage in China's bourgeois-democratic revolution against imperialism and feudalisma powerful camp made its appearance in the bourgeois-democratic revolution, a camp consisting of the working class, the student masses and the new national bourgeoisie. [4] Chiang Kai-shek's forces pushed as far as Chinchow by 26 November 1945, meeting with little resistance. "Red Army Starved 150,000 Chinese Civilians, Books Says". The fall of mainland China to communism in 1949 led the United States to The unfinished nature of the [124] The same day the Shanghai strike ended, nationalist forces entered Nanjing. [74][75][76] In contrast, the Kuomintang had 50,000 members already in 1923. And though the PRC was on good terms with the Soviets initially, the relationship had soured, and China was more or less on its own by the 1960s. The revolt overthrew the six-year-old Emperor Puyi, and in 1912 opposition leaders established a Chinese republic. two sides since the 1920s. There are three alternatives. Under pressure from Zhou Enlai and many others in the party, the Comintern sent Soviet functionary Pavel Mif to replace Li Lisan and Xiang Zhongfa with members of the 28 Bolsheviks. In most cases the surrounding countryside and small towns had come under Communist influence long before the cities. Ultimately, this powerful nation enacted policies that others claimed were Chinese imperialismlike taking over Tibet and trying to culturally change Muslim citizens in the south-west of China. Schools suffered as students denounced their teachers as "bourgeois intellectuals"but don't try that with your teachers. More than 800,000 could flee Sudan amid fighting, UN warns, Biden: Taxpayers not on the hook for First Republic failure, How an Uncommon Table can help bring our divided nation together, Washington Gov. In the nineteenth century, however, it struggled against foreign imperialism. 1998 - 2023 Nexstar Media Inc. | All Rights Reserved. In the end, the Cultural Revolution caused a lot of problems. of State, World War I and the [129][130] The White Terror spread nationwide and the United Front collapsed. One exception was Peng Pai, who became the first CCP leader to seriously engage with the peasants. Xuyin, Guo. The PRC was also looking for allies. By late 1949 the People's Liberation Army was pursuing remnants of KMT forces southwards in southern China, and only Tibet was left. What are the major ethnic groups in China? the outcome of the struggle could be reversed. areas. A Chinese Muslim Hui cavalry regiment, the 14th Tungan Cavalry, was sent by the Chinese government to attack Mongol and Soviet positions along the border during the Pei-ta-shan Incident. the President, Visits by Foreign Heads [83] The CCP's Third Party Congress was held in Guangzhou later that year, and the Comintern instructed the CCP to disband and join the KMT as individuals. plan for their efforts to retake the mainland. This wasn't that kind of revolution. Elleman, Bruce A. [62] As the editor of New Youth, Chen used his journal to publish a series of Marxist articles, including an entire issue devoted to the subject in 1919. A strong central governmental apparatus proved able to channel scarce resources into the rapid development of heavy industry. Giant seaweed blooms beaching begins, expected to worsen, CNNs Wallace spars with Sanders after slamming companies, Rices departure brings relief to immigration advocates, Lightfoot sends letter to Abbott urging him not to send any more migrants, Trump, Fox News have a new point of tension: Tucker Carlson. based upon the principle that only Chinese forces could determine the outcome of Soong. But is the housing market headed for a crash? Even the Chinese Communist Party later called the policies "a great catastrophe", and many leaders believed it was really just Mao's way of eliminating his rivals within the party. They included Minister of Finance Sun Fo, Minister for Foreign Affairs Eugene Chen, and banker and industrialist T. V. [235] However, the CCP and Kuomintang kept clashing in Southeast Asia during the cold war. The Australia, New Zealand and United States Security Treaty (ANZUS Treaty), Copyright [12][13][14] ROC soldiers who had fled into the mountains of Burma and Thailand worked with the CIA and Kuomintang to finance anti-Communist activities with drug trafficking well into the 1980s. Glad you asked. For the preceding century, China had faced escalating social, economic, and political problems as a result of Western imperialism and the decline of the Qing Dynasty. And for a long time, it sponsored decolonization in many places. As the civil war gained strength from 1947 to 1949, eventual Communist victory For military actions, see, Foundation of the Chinese Communist Party, Failed insurrections and the Chinese Soviet, Second Sino-Japanese War and the Second United Front, Japanese surrender and attempted negotiations. Although the party survived the Long March, it had lost about 90% of its membership and was on the brink of destruction. Shock at the CCP's success and fear of similar events occurring across East Asia led the United States to intervene militarily in Korea and South East Asia (e.g. [T]here is no government-wide international communications and engagement strategy, and certainly no sense of urgency. [225] Following a fierce battle, the CCP captured Jinan and Shandong province on 24 September 1948. Gao. French historian Lucien Bianco argues that before the war, the peasantry had not been ready for revolution; economic reasons were not enough to mobilize them. Although the CCP did agree to allow members to join the KMT, it did not disband. government and the CCP, this Second United Front was short-lived. [198] On the 26th, the CCP authorized army units and cadres to begin infiltrating the Manchurian countryside (a move tolerated by the Soviets). Bidens permissive environment strikes again, Montana legislator sues House speaker over censure, Supreme Court to consider overruling Chevron doctrine, McConnell insists hes sitting out debt talks to disbelief, Tucker Carlson, on leaked video, derides Fox streaming service, Senate rankings: Here are the 5 seats most likely to flip. Slave labor campsthe Gulag in the Soviet Union, the laogai in China. [2003] (2003). Although not a communist, Sun admired the success of the Russian Revolution and sought help from the Soviet Union. Though stay-at-home steel-making didn't pan out, other things did. Chinese Communist Revolution - Wikipedia Relations, World Wide Diplomatic Archives [165] According to historian Chalmers Johnson, by the end of the war the CCP had also won the support of perhaps 100 million peasants in the regions where they had operated. [106][107] The KMT-CCP leadership dispatched prominent CCP cadre Mao Zedong to investigate and report on the nature of the unrest. [204] As Nationalist troops moved in to formerly occupied territories, looting and large-scale corruption were common. [89] Membership was catapulted to over 20,000, almost ten times what it had been earlier in the year. Releases, Administrative If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. Current [209] He was replaced by General George Marshall, who arrived in China on 20 December 1945. Jay Inslee says he wont seek a fourth term, actual crimes against humanity being perpetrated by Russian forces in Ukraine, Vladimir Putins criminal actions in Russia itself, as former Secretary of State Mike Pompeo put it, Xi Jinping has been compared to Mao Zedong, Evan Cooper and Robert A. Manning of the Atlantic Council, Climate change and crumbling infrastructure create a perfect storm for Americans living in flood zones, A friendly visit to Washington is also a crucial summit on global security, Ukraines next offensive: How to define success and failure. The Communist victory had a major impact on the global balance of power: China became the largest socialist state by population, and, after the 1956 Sino-Soviet split, a third force in the Cold War. [72] Chen was elected in absentia to be the first General Secretary. [226] The CCP brought 890,000 troops from the northeast to oppose some 600,000 KMT troops. [35], In the first decade of the twentieth century, young Chinese intellectuals such as Ma Junwu, Liang Qichao, and Zhao Bizhen were the first to translate and summarize socialist and Marxist ideas into Chinese. The creation of the PRC also completed the long She is a writer, researcher, and teacher who has taught K-12 and undergraduates in the United States and in the Middle East and written for many different audiences. There was a period of bad weather, plus a lot of the grain that people managed to grow was exported to the Soviet Union to pay for industrial equipment. The author of this article is Eman M. Elshaikh. To trail behind them, gesticulating and criticizing. [218] The Communists counterattacked soon afterwards; on 30 June 1947 CCP troops crossed the Yellow River and moved to the Dabie Mountains area, restored and developed the Central Plain. The start of China turning to communism. A military showdown with its former ally, Vietnam, was in the making and Vietnam had a mutual support treaty with the Soviets. Rather than condemning the peasant movement, his now-famous Hunan Report made the case that a peasant-led revolution was not only justified, but practically possible and even inevitable. Ryan, Mark A. McDevitt, Michael. For a comprehensive outline of the origins, key events, and conclusion of the Cold War, click here. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Established in November 1931, the Soviet had helped expand CCP membership to over 300,000 and supported 100,000 Red Army soldiers. efforts to form a coalition government. [226], After achieving decisive victory at Liaoshen, Huaihai and Pingjin campaigns, the CCP wiped out 144 regular and 29 irregular KMT divisions, including 1.54million veteran KMT troops, which significantly reduced the strength of Nationalist forces. Japan China war- country was ruined by war and was on the brink of mass starvation 5. It is available to order nowatAmazonandBarnes & Noble. And they were seen as anti-imperialist heroes for their efforts against the Japanese. By the 1920s, Japanese armies were pushing into Manchuria in northeast China. 1911 Wuchang rebellion- China was in chaos Related questions QUESTION 9 answers QUESTION 15 answers 15 answers Or to stand in their way and oppose them. It is only by taking the communists at their ideological word, treating their socialist utopia with literal-minded seriousness, that we can grasp the tragedy to which it led.In The Gulag Archipelago, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn writes that the imagination and inner strength of Shakespeares villains stopped short at ten or so cadavers. [124][127] Although it was a mix of both Nationalists and Communist soldiers within the army who had participated in the riots, Chiang Kai-shek's faction accused Lin Boqu of planning the unrest in order to turn international opinion against the KMT. In both countries, Marxist-Leninist ideology was an essential element that gave the Communist Party absolute power and ensured its control of domestic and foreign policy. Patrick Fuliang Shan, Local Revolution, Grassroots Mobilization and Wartime Power Shift to the Rise of Communism, in Xiaobing Li (ed. [31] Where a share of the harvest was paid, as in much of north China, rates of 40%, 50%, and 60% were common. published the China White Paper, which explained past U.S. policy toward China The landlords were subject to humiliation and violence. At Yalta, the Allies had agreed to recognize Russia's claims in the Far East in exchange for a Soviet declaration of war on Japan. The period 1953-57, corresponding to the First Five-Year Plan, was the beginning of China's rapid industrialization, and it is still regarded as having been enormously successful. United States announces that it will recognize communist China - History 2023, A&E Television Networks, LLC. focusing entirely on Japan, while the Communists worked to strengthen their Hurley. [60] One of the most influential study groups was led by Li Dazhao, head librarian at Peking University. From the U.S. viewpoint, closer relations with the PRC would bring economic and political benefits. At first, the Communists allied with the GMD against the warlords, but it didn't last long. The Shanghai Municipal Police, largely operated by the British, opened fire on the crowd of demonstrators. This was controversial because it conflicted with traditional party doctrine and the line endorsed by the Comintern. Early in 1947, the ROC Government was Most of China was never formally colonized. In the background, a Chinse emperor holds up his hands in an attempt to stop them. Drawing representing the support behind the proletarian cultural revolution in China. China: A New History. Articles with the HISTORY.com Editors byline have been written or edited by the HISTORY.com editors, including Amanda Onion, Missy Sullivan and Matt Mullen. It gave Taiwan nearly the same status as any other nation recognized by the United States and also mandated that arms sales continue to the Nationalist government. The United States continued to funnel large amounts of money and weapons to Chiang Kai-shek, but corruption and low morale fatally undermined the Nationalist army. [177] In the south, the New Fourth Army had recovered from the attempted massacre of its forces and established a serious Communist presence along the banks of the Yangtze. "[67] Instead, most Chinese Marxists had determined to follow the Leninist model, which they understood as organizing a vanguard party around a core group of professional revolutionaries. Ideology bred many of the same totalitarian practices in both countries: The key to understanding both the Soviet Union and Communist Chinaand really answering the question of when did China become communistasserts the historian Martin Malia, is ideology. [186] Both sides criticized the other as unreasonable. The CCP made effective use of situation to rebuild their movement around the Chinese peasantry. You should be looking at the title, author, headings, pictures, and opening sentences of paragraphs for the gist. Chen Lifu, Columbia interviews, part 1, p. 29. After declaring a republican government, the new nationalist party, called the Guomindang (GMD). Did this have anything to do with the opium war? [133] However, under pressure from Chiang, Wang eventually purged Communists from his government and declared his loyalty to the right-wing government in Nanjing. [224], Now with tanks, heavy artillery, and other combined-arms assets, the PLA was prepared to execute offensive operations south of the Great Wall. Soon it was possible to speak of longer-term developmental plans. The Chinese Revolution of 1949 - United States Department of State People were encouraged to build furnaces in their communities to make steel, in order to help China grow its industries. It started on the right foot by following the Trump teams clear-eyed approach to the growing China threat and the need to strengthen the American commitment to Taiwan. A few consider it to be the latter part of the Chinese Civil War, since it was only after the Second Sino-Japanese War that the tide turned decisively in favor of the Communists. The Chinese Communist Party, founded in 1921 in Shanghai, Liu Bocheng proposed to parade directors Yang Chengwu and Tang Yanjie be organized in the Soviet format, having personally witnessed a military parade on Red Square in Moscow. suspend diplomatic ties with the PRC for decades. [186] CCP dominance in northern China seriously concerned Chiang, who was not in a position to stop the CCP from taking Beiping or Tianjin. [180] As Mao Zedong said to an American Colonel David D. Barrett, the Communists had an army based on "millet plus rifles. After three years of fighting, the war ended in a stalemate with the border between North and South Korea near where it had been at the war's beginning. Hunters collapsing world: Why a criminal plea could now be the best option Watch live: White House monkeypox response team holds briefing, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. Sign up now to learn about This Day in History straight from your inbox. This collaboration lasted until the "White Terror" of 1927, when the Nationalists turned on the Communists, killing them or purging them from the party. Intellectual Revolution in Modern China (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University), 1960. pp. [193] In the two years following the Sino-Japanese War, the KMT had received $4.43billion from the USmost of which was military aid. A system of sharecropping prevailed in much of Shanxi where landlords owned all agricultural capital and expected 80% of the harvest as rent. Homemade steel wasn't the best idea ever, but it was part of new initiatives launched during the Great Leap Forward campaign. In 1945, the leaders of the Nationalist and Communist parties, Chiang Kai-shek [100][101], By 1926 the Kuomintang (KMT) had solidified their control over Guangdong province enough to rival the legitimacy of the Beiyang government based in Beijing. Rather than confront the advancing Nationalists head on, Lin Biao avoided decisive confrontations, and in doing so was able to preserve the strength of his army. The Cultural Revolution: all you need to know about China's political Department, Buildings of the turned on the Communists, killing them or purging them from the party. The long civil war that created the new nation, however, had been one of peasants triumphing over urban dwellers and had involved the destruction of the old ruling classes. [186] These claims included control of Port Arthur and joint control over the Chinese Eastern Railway, which Chiang reluctantly accepted in return for Soviet recognition of the KMT as the sole legitimate government of China. Every revolutionary party and every revolutionary comrade will be put to the test, to be accepted or rejected as they decide. But better late than never. The cost of restoring order and building up integrated political institutions at all levels throughout the country proved important in setting Chinas course for the next two decades. In March 1946, despite repeated requests from Chiang Kai-Shek, the Soviet Red Army under the command of Marshal Rodion Malinovsky continued to delay pulling out of Manchuria, while Malinovsky secretly told the CCP forces to move in behind them. The views expressed by contributors are their own and not the view of The Hill, In this photo released by Xinhua News Agency, Chinese President Xi Jinping delivers a speech during the opening ceremony of the 20th National Congress of Chinas ruling Communist Party in Beijing, China, Sunday, Oct. 16, 2022. Bo Gu became nominal party secretary while Wang Ming became the de facto paramount leader. [115], The Wuhan government proved its competency when, in January 1927, violent protests broke out in the British concession at Hankou. Mao rose to become the Chairman of CCP during the Long March while the CCP narrowly avoided complete destruction. Chiang Kai-shek ordered the Japanese troops to remain at their post to receive the Kuomintang and not surrender their arms to the Communists. At the end of the First World War, the Treaty of Versailles had recognized some Japanese claims in China as a reward for Japan fighting alongside the victorious powers. In Haifeng County in rural Guangdong, he organized a powerful peasant association that campaigned for lower rents, led anti-landlord boycotts, and organized welfare activities. In late 1927, Xiang Zhongfa was sent as the CCP's representative to celebrations of the Bolshevik Revolution's 10th Anniversary. abducted Chiang in 1937 and forced him to reconsider cooperation with the She teaches writing at the University of Chicago, where she also completed her masters in social sciences and is currently pursuing her PhD. Lexington books. [132] Only in Wuhan, where leftist sympathizer Wang Jingwei split from Chiang and proclaimed a rival nationalist government, were the Communists safe to hold their Fifth National Congress. Westad, Odd Arne. The campaign also called for educational reforms and the use of people's communes, where people lived and worked collectively. Before you read the article, you should skim it first. History- Why did China become Communist? Flashcards | Quizlet the Secretary of State, Travels of China - Establishment of the People's Republic | Britannica The peoples state would exercise a dictatorship for the oppression of antagonistic classes made up of opponents of the regime. [225] There were 40,000 PLA casualties at Zhangjiakou alone. The skim should be very quick and give you the gist (general idea) of what the article is about. Fast forward to the end of WWII, and the Japanese were forced to surrender in China (as elsewhere), but only to the GMD. The Communist victory had a major impact on the global balance of power: China became the largest socialist state by population, and, after the 1956 Sino-Soviet split, a third force in the Cold War. Jiang Jieshi. The goal of the Marshall Mission was to bring both parties into a coalition government, with the hope that a strong, non-Communist China would act as a bulwark against the encroachment of the Soviet Union. [217][194], Knowing their disadvantages in manpower and equipment, the CCP adopted a "passive defense" strategy. This collaboration lasted until the "White Terror" of 1927, when the Nationalists turned on the Communists, killing them or purging them from the party. Chinese Communists joined with the In October 1949, when Mao Zedong proclaimed the birth of the People's Republic of China, a Bamboo Curtain descended on some 540 million Chinese just as an Iron Curtain had descended across the European continent. By the time that Nationalist units had been able to arrive in the major cities of Manchuria, Communist forces commanded by Lin Biao were already in firm control of most of the countryside and surrounding areas, including the city of Chinchow. ", Far Eastern Bureau of the Communist International, Proclamation of the People's Republic of China, 1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, a strategy based on rural guerilla warfare, national flag of the People's Republic of China, Northern Military Region Band (now the Central Military Band of the PLA), Military Anthem of the People's Liberation Army, Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China, 19601961 campaign at the ChinaBurma border, clashing in Southeast Asia during the cold war, "The Chinese Communist Revolution in a Global Perspective", "Milestones: 19451952: The Chinese Revolution of 1949", "Before and After the May Fourth Movement", "May4th and June4th Compared: A Sociological Study of Chinese Social Movements", "Chinese Students and Anti-Japanese Protests, Past and Present", "Chen Duxiu: Role in the intellectual revolution", "Democracy, Enlightenment, and Revolution: Cantonese Marxists and Chinese Social Democracy, 19201922", "On Party Anniversary, China Rewrites History", "1st. [117][125][126] Almost immediately after arrival of the NRA, mass anti-foreigner riots broke out in the city, in an event that came to be known as the Nanjing Incident. Historical dictionary of modern China (18001949). The announcement The author argues that, despite never formally being colonized, much of Chinas recent history has been guided by an anti-imperial mindset. The People's Republic offered direct and indirect support to communist movements around the world, and inspired the growth of Maoist parties in a number of countries. U.S. officials According to William Blum, American aid included substantial amounts of mostly surplus military supplies, and loans were made to the KMT. Russia and China are running rings around us, he wrote in The Washington Post. We cant treat this incarnation of China as a normal country, just like any other..

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