[42], To enforce her religious policies, Queen Elizabeth needed bishops willing to cooperate. Why did Henry VIII break with the Catholic Church? Under Mary's rule, England returned to the Catholic Church and recognised the pope's authority. Protestantism would also create a fear of persecution among Englands Catholics. Before 1574, most laymen were not made to take the Oath of Supremacy and the 12d fine for missing a service was poorly enforced. [47] Other provisions of the Royal Injunctions were out of step with the Edwardian Reformation and displayed the Queen's conservative preferences. [17] Her Privy Council was filled with former Edwardian politicians, and only Protestants preached at Court. How far do you agree? "[14], Historians Patrick Collinson and Peter Lake argue that until 1630 the Church of England was shaped by a "Calvinist consensus". Although it did not heal the divide brought on by the Reformation, it did stabilize the Church of England, and many of the religious decisions made during the Elizabethan Settlement period remain part of the Anglican church today. What year were the Acts of Uniformity and Supremacy passed? This change of title placated those who did not feel that a woman could be the head of the church, and the act passed fairly easily. 1559: Parliament passes the Act of Uniformity and the Act of Supremacy. [15] At Westminster Abbeystill a Benedictine monasterythe Queen disapproved of what she considered Catholic superstition, telling the monks bearing candles in procession, "Away with those torches, for we see very well". Elizabethan Religious Settlement Religion became a very divisive factor in people's lives in England when Protestant ideas challenged the dominance of the Catholic Church of Rome. [67], Gradually, England was transformed into a Protestant country as the prayer book shaped Elizabethan religious life. The Act of Supremacy of 1558 re-established the Church of . It remains a unique institution that treads between Catholicism and Protestantism known in other regions. The Queen never forgave John Knox for writing The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women, which denounced female monarchs, and the Reformation in Geneva was tainted by association. Its purpose was to give the common people access to liturgies and prayers. From there they wrote and published a large body of Catholic polemical work to counter Protestantism, particularly Thomas Harding, Richard Smyth, and William Allen. Henry named Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, as regent for the young King Edward VI. Those who chose not to adhere to the Church of England's rules were persecuted. Many did so out of sympathy with traditional Catholic religion, while others waited to see if this religious settlement was permanent before taking expensive action. These included injunctions allowing processions to take place at Rogationtide and requirements that clergy receive permission to marry from the bishop and two justices of the peace. [115], Diarmaid MacCulloch states that Hooker's writings helped to create an "Anglican synthesis". They went through several revisions and were finalized in 1571 and added to the Book of Common Prayer. As a Protestant, Elizabeth had to tread carefully between both faiths to maintain unity. Books [64][pageneeded] In 1571, Convocation finalised the Thirty-nine Articles. According to the prayer book, the table should be placed permanently in the chancel oriented east to west. Justification by faith alone, meaning that salvation is a gift from God received through faith. [31], The Act of Uniformity required church attendance on Sundays and holy days and imposed fines for each day absent. . The Act of Supremacy of 1558 re-established the Church of England's independence from Rome, and Parliament conferred on Elizabeth the title of Supreme Governor of the Church of England. There was opposition to the moderate features of the Settlement from both radical Catholics and radical Protestants. The collections at Royal Museums Greenwich offer a world-class resource for researching maritime history, astronomy and time. Did the Elizabethan Settlement heal the divide between English Catholics and Protestants? In 1539, Henry tried to walk back some of his more Lutheran-leaning reforms and make the Church of England more Catholic by reaffirming transubstantiation and celibacy for clerics. [7] Christ's Real Presence in the Eucharist was no longer explained by the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation; instead, the 1552 Book of Common Prayer promoted the Reformed teaching of Christ's spiritual presence. There were priests who conformed to the prayer book while also providing the Mass to their parishioners. [105], At the start of his reign, Puritans presented the Millenary Petition to the King. Implemented between 1559 and 1563, the settlement is considered the end of the English Reformation, permanently shaping the theology and liturgy of the Church of England and laying the foundations of Anglicanism's unique identity. Elizabethan Church, the Thirty-nine Articles of Religion, provides ample support to this authors contention that the Elizabethan Church Settlement was not really a via media, the middle road, but one that was distinctly Protestant. This bill would have returned the Church to its position at the death of Henry VIII rather than to that when Edward VI died. It is also true that many preachers simply carried on as before hoping not to be noticed by the authorities - who in some cases were sympathetic at a local level. There was much debate among traditionalists and zealous reformers about how this new church should look. These articles served as the foundation for the Church of England's doctrine. Thank you! [87] Bishop Jewel called the surplice a "vestige of error". The Elizabethan religious settlement survived with the attrition of other religious beliefs and practices. A series of Church reforms that sought to create a middle ground between rival Catholics and Protestants. The articles removed Catholic sacraments: Confirmation, Penance, Holy Orders, Marriage, and Last Rites or Extreme Unction. How could she reconcile the nation? Sign up to highlight and take notes. [16] In February, the House of Commons passed a Reformation Bill that would restore royal supremacy, the Edwardine Ordinal, and a slightly revised 1552 prayer book. The Religious Settlement was an attempt by Elizabeth I to unite the country after the changes in religion under Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I. Wealthy church papists attended their parish church but had Mass at home or hired two chaplains, one to perform the prayer book service and the other to perform the Mass. Some modifications were made to appeal to Catholics and Lutherans, including giving individuals greater latitude concerning belief in the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist and permission to use traditional priestly vestments. She tried to make everyone happy and to at least avoid infuriating any more people. The Church of England was Protestant at its core but took the hierarchy from the Catholics by keeping archbishops and bishops. Haigh argues that the Act of Uniformity "produced an ambiguous Book of Common Prayer: a liturgical compromise which allowed priests to perform the Church of England communion with Catholic regalia, standing in the Catholic position, and using words capable of Catholic interpretation". Queen Elizabeth I wanted to build a stable, peaceful nation with a strong government, free from the influence of foreign powers in matters of the church and the state. Somerset was a Calvinist, and the young king grew up with a host of Protestant tutors. It restored the 1552 prayer book with some modifications. 30 Apr 2023. [28], The alternative title was less offensive to Catholic members of Parliament, but this was unlikely to have been the only reason for the alteration. Essentially, the act returned churches to their appearance in 1549 CE. As the queen put it, she would "open windows into no man's soul" (Woodward, 171). The Elizabethan Settlement did not heal the divide between Protestants and Catholics. [12] She also kept many of her religious views private, which can make it difficult to determine what she believed. Fig. Henry dissolved the English monasteries and seized their assets, causing widespread unrest. Many of these instructions concerned preachers who now had to have a license issued by a bishop and who were obliged to hold at least one service each month or lose that license. When his request was denied, Henry separated the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church and claimed that he, rather than the pope, was its supreme head on earth. [77] In 1562, the Council of Trent ruled out any outward conformity or Nicodemism for Catholics: "You may not be present at such prayers of heretics, or at their sermons, without heinous offence and the indignation of God, and it is far better to suffer most bitter cruelties than to give the least sign of consent to such wicked and abominable rites. The papal bull Regnans in Excelsis released Elizabeth's Catholic subjects from any obligation to obey her. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was composed of the following principal elements: Henry VIII had started the English Reformation which split the Church in England from Catholic Rome. [117] The preface to the 1662 prayer book defined the Church of England as a via media "between the two extremes of too much stiffness in refusing and of too much easiness in admitting any variation". Most of the parish clergy were Catholics. Henry wished to dissolve his marriage to Catherine and to be remarried to Anne Boleyn, but Pope Clement VII refused. Those who refused to conform to the new Church of England were persecuted. Declaration on the proceedings of a Conference at Westminster, March 1559 (SP12/3/52, f.163r-164v) These are extracts from a report on the conference on religion, held during the Easter recess of Queen Elizabeth's first Parliament. [11], Elizabeth's religious views were Protestant, though "peculiarly conservative". [98] Whitgift's first move against the Puritans was a requirement that all clergy subscribe to three articles, the second of which stated that the Prayer Book and Ordinal contained "nothing contrary to the word of God". Calvinists were divided between conformists and Puritans, who wanted to abolish what they considered papist abuses and replace episcopacy with a presbyterian church government. [48], In some instances, the injunctions contradicted the 1559 prayer book. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement. Web. [91], By 1572, the debate between Puritans and conformists had entered a new phasechurch government had replaced vestments as the major issue. There were 10,000 parishes in England at this time so this shows that the religious settlement was largely successful . ", Salvation comes from God's grace alone and not through good works. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. Submitted by Mark Cartwright, published on 02 June 2020. This was by no means a simple task as, in these early stages, nobody quite knew what Anglicism precisely was except that it was not Catholicism or extreme Protestantism but somewhere in-between. In the House of Lords, all the bishops voted against it, but they were joined by only one lay peer. [46], The Injunctions offered clarity on the matter of vestments. Crucially, the Prayer Book dealt with the bread and wine of the communion service. In addition to the English College at Douai, a seminary was established at Rome and two more established in Spain. Once Whitgift had destroyed presbyterian activism, he was content to leave the Puritans alone. While some were happy to return to the traditional religion, many were not, and the land was ripped apart by rebellion. One of the most visible differences from traditional Catholic churches was the replacement of the altar with a communion table. The Elizabethan Clergy and the Settlement of Religion, 1558-1564. Was there a middle ground between Catholics and Protestants? Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1565/the-elizabethan-religious-settlement/. [81] In 1580, the first Jesuit priests came to England. The Church will not prohibit oath-taking by Christians for civic purposes. What was a Catholic element of the new Church of England? Later, she decided that roods should be restored in parish churches. There are only two sacraments: Baptism and Communion, or the Lord's Supper. Again, the question remained a moving target, and many-faced persecution as the definition of acceptable religion continued to shift. Her reason was: I would not open windows into men's souls"- Elizabeth I 1. Historians debate how fast and complete the settlement changed religion in England. From across the sea, an art revolution is coming. Elizabeth and her pro-reform ministers had to regroup and plan another strategy. The Royal Injunctions of July 1559 CE set out a further 57 regulations for the Church of England to follow. What did the Elizabethan Religious Settlement do? [30] It encountered more opposition in the Lords than the Supremacy Act, passing by only three votes. From the Puritans and Calvinists, it "inherited a contradictory impulse to assert the supremacy of scripture and preaching". To realise this vision it was necessary to reach a new religious settlement that was as inclusive as possible. Fig. In 1564 there were shall engines to it from radical protestants and in 1 568 conservative Catholics also reacted against it.However despite such challenges, which were from a . The Thirty-nine Articles were not intended as a complete statement of the Christian faith but of the position of the Church of England in relation to the Catholic Church and dissident Protestants.

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