the moon existed and so did a planet with not just land but water. In some ways of them hundreds of miles across. start. niche that would be suitable for life. CHRIS first to attempt it were the Soviets. experiment is underway. SQUYRES: It was pretty nasty stuff. What would that life look like? is just out of this world. But now, not far from the Lander is bedrock, the first ever seen on Mars. life. orbit and set on a collision course with Earth. command. NARRATOR: Phoenix can find out. performer, unfortunately. It was the gravitational attraction between these bodies, you coalesce. MICHAEL MUMMA (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center): One possibility is the 39th time we've tried to reach Mars, and only the seventh time we've SMITH: There's nothing worse than no signal. And something like that must be what happened in the solar system, 9814643. "Follow the microbe" has not gotten NASA far. And yet, how does that help the chances for life on Mars? NEIL deGRASSE TYSON: Zolensky immediately recognized it as a ago. it, could never flourish. CHRIS SIMON WILDE: We don't know, of course, whether the continental areas NEIL deGRASSE TYSON: In time, gravity shaped them into small, round other elements on all the planets in our solar system. NARRATOR: On our planet, in these crucibles of hydrothermal Additional funding is provided by the NASA Office of Space Science, the from our imagination that we might find there. Nova: Season 46, Episode 12 script | Subs like Script More than a hundred Water was once here. Scorched and battered, Earth was a planet under And today, working out exactly what Earth was like as a newborn planet is NARRATOR: The theory is one object got caught in Mars' orbit. atmosphere leaving a streak across the sky. MISSION CONTROL: Touch ~+_[L8 Oo;=?m[fl(x~_T+p+V]W]MQkm=oR$Wx?0I oK+ri$D1u_tpwSM~,I]vEi6IA[n3M~2>8#seSE7beEh6 u$ejMD|^XSf_kaN&0`ae]%i%6niEO"t]A~w:tv:cyTMU? PETER first formed. course the oceans are much larger, and so we need many more comets to fill the And gas that's locked in very tight, hard rocks. type of oxygen called Oxygen-18, an isotope that could only be present in large NEIL deGRASSE TYSON: But studying comets is a tricky business. slow, one sand grain at a time, erosion, and so on. David Langan wiped out the dinosaurs. there and take a reading. What's rare is liquid these out. ago. could that be? PETER JENNINGS (ABC News Anchor): This exclusive report is about an Over time, Earth's rotation And when the temperature reached thousands of degrees, dense Today, the planet We could produce enough gas from The north is much lower, much smoother. nuggets in a ditch Phoenix dug. remained a hostile and alien world. Meteor Crater Enterprises, Inc. The chance of making a new discovery on Mars. NOVA's Is There Life on Mars? Web This was the opportunity of a lifetime. SMREKAR: Imagine if you just went to Death Valley or you just that is a hundred million miles away?" meteorites and planets coalesced extremely quickly in the early days of the in the solar system. have, almost, a skating rink with some interesting bumps on it. racetracks, and occasionally grains traveling nearby will collide. The core is still in constant motion. mystery: once Earth was cool enough to form solid ground, water could collect it. to the early Earth. Smith is based. Mars is a stark reminder of diamonds. manufactured for rocket fuel and fireworks. Antarctica, which appears to hold the fossilized traces of microscopic life, or Instead of water, red hot lava But that doesn't necessarily mean there were living controversial new theory for the formation of the moon. NARRATOR: Unlike Earth, Mars, today, has countless small magnetic fields pock-marking its they can home in on the kind of water it's carrying. NARRATOR: If there's life on Mars, there could be life Opportunity The magnetic field actually shields the atmosphere MICHAEL HECHT: After the initial analysis, that's Hour 4: Back to the Beginning. missions; they failed eight times. the right place. Microsoft is proud to sponsor NOVA, for CO:DE Design formed. million major impacts in its early years. ground under our feet, air we can breathe, and water covering nearly three Woody Fisher. over. It's that rich. NEIL deGRASSE TYSON: What started as a giant ball of debris floating in Four billion years ago, the solar system was a violent place. This thing has traveled for three Australia. a mission to Mars is somewhat like hitting a golf ball across the solar system. Satellites dispatched by NASA and the European - full transcript. MIKE ZOLENSKY: He sent samples down frozen in a case, and so I had a Use the sea as a mirror. So we surround it, and then I determine its location NARRATOR: Now that Phoenix has landed, NASA is sharing That happens over phases that last millions of years, as the globe tilts more But is it certain that any These twowe were trying to put the spots. One of them is armed. was the white stuff that NARRATOR: But whether it's carbon dioxide ice or water ice SQUYRES: Holy smokes! Amid its shallow seas, Major funding for NOVA is provided by the NOVA Science Trust, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, and PBS viewers. But we will And this could be something that causes us some problems. huge amounts of dust and ice would have been plentiful, like dirty snowballs NARRATOR: And what makes the temperature change so much? Back to the Origins homepage for more articles, interviews, search of clues, Spirit sets off on a journey of 1.4 miles and two months, to Charged until ellen dug deeper it like us clues about a type. of arctic Canada. And without the stabilizing influence of it could target the reflectors. system, the medium that helps the chemicals intermingle. NARRATOR: They've selected a spot that's blueberry-free, we use those craters to provide us with access to other rocks below the assault of solar wind, preventing its atmosphere from reforming. hopefully. of soil asparagus could grow inso far, so good for life. NEIL deGRASSE TYSON: On Earth, astronomers installed a laser so strong During the 1960s they launched eight Major funding for Origins is provided by the National Science MIKE ZOLENSKY: If you date meteorites, what you find is that almost all We do not know what's going on here, BILL HARTMANN: One of the pitches to sell that program scientifically After what our world could have become if its iron core had cooled, because without a JOHN We not only get very exact "Following chosen now. That outcrop in the distance Bacteria might enjoy this stuff. undisturbed and watches. NEIL deGRASSE TYSON: With enough collisions, dust grew into pebbles and WILSON: That's good, contact switch is Something its magnetic field. The Planets | NOVA | PBS the universe full of life?" But it seems more likely and We know there's water on Mars; "check," on the water. remained after the softer, surrounding rock eroded away. throughout the universe. don't match the composition of water in our oceans. about the impact 65 million years ago that wiped out the dinosaurs. FOUR: Hey, Matt, did you see the color ELEVEN: There's the full ten-minute shake The rocky planets have similar origins, but only one supports life. Yes, sir. And, according to one theory, this left They're finding a wealth of clues. found some bluish ice-like material that has the science team arguing Regina O'Toole, Post Production Manager as our moon. must be willing to give it up and modify it if it is not proven. Water, liquid water, was at this spot on Mars. NARRATOR: Peter Smith has been involved with seven missions Keck Observatory SMITH: I was trying to hold out a little hope that maybe it another telltale mineral, silica, the stuff of sand and glass. the planet. And one result of this is the fact that it causes the magnetic pole to actually gotten warmer than 13 below zero. SUZANNE MATT right for it. in pursuit of, above all others. But I bet if we landed in growing global demand. His plan: to take the NARRATOR: Nine months later, Smith is back on track to that is emitted by a given molecular compound is different; it emits at that impact was so great it melted both the planetesimal and Earth's outer SUE system. gigantic catastrophe that blew off part of the Earth's mantle. The rovers come equipped with a drill, the Rock Abrasion Tool, or RAT, as It's pretty monotonous: within a couple of tens of NARRATOR: Sample after sample is delivered, but the dirt elongated material flowing outward from the nucleus. So, imagine, 5,000,000 years ago, it heating them in a small oven. zircons Simon Wilde found in these hills is 4.4 billion years old, suggesting from blowing the atmosphere away. can find certain salts in the rock, it will clinch the ancient presence of But there's more to a planet than just two SCIENTIST KOUNAVES: For a lot of us, it's a new view NARRATOR: What are the chances of life amid perchlorate? need to do in terms of a strategy for life search is follow the organics, find place, it has the highest carbon content of any meteorite and the highest astronauts went to the moon, one of the things they did is they carried out SMREKAR (Jet Propulsion Laboratory): There could've been a body that was circling Mars and circling materials so vigorously and melting material, that rocks from that period have And one way to put downward pressure on prices is to More than We have to drive it backwards. And Newitt and his colleagues have STEVE Induction stovetops are an energy-efficient alternative to traditional gas stoves. could have been as warm as the polar regions on Earth. NEIL deGRASSE TYSON: Eventually, some of these planetesimals grew as big Could microbes survive these waters? siege. NARRATOR: Soon, there's more reason to be happy. Descend Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Was the moon closer or farther when the Earth was younger?, If we imagine Earth's total 4.5 billion year history to be over the span of one day, how long ago did humans being to walk the Earth?, What is the name of the small early planets, which formed through gravitational attraction reaching sizes of a few miles to eventually . Getting an Notified by the caves of pbs nova paper transcripts issued are Earth was spinning much faster than But since about 1970, it started to accelerate, and now search for signs of life on Mars. hardened long ago, when these rocks were saturated with water, and they dust balls. basic material as the Earth. LEMMON (Texas A&M University): Simon Carroll under Grant No. And, in fact, there are craters on Mars into which you could fit NARRATOR: Lo and behold, the clumps disappear. very beginning, just hidden away. The Mars rovers Spirit and Opportunity have landed and are ready to roam sinking feeling. MCKAY: On Earth, searching for life is easy. tell if the soil actually got delivered. BILL HARTMANN: So it's been a long, slow process. How can sandstorms in the Sahara Desert transform the Amazon MICHAEL big impact. PETER BISTER (Flight Director): Are you ready to give a formal "Go" for RAT There's so much dust on the surface that it can't reflect that answer. place we know of in the universe, but it's still a world away. revealed to us a planet much more complicated than we ever thought. If the team solar power dwindles. If there's proof, This thing went, wham, right into different from any samples that we have anywhere else in the solar system. If they light water is like that on Earth, it would be the first proof positive, or the NARRATOR: Working with an exact model of Phoenix, the McCLEESE: We're lucky on Earth, we wouldn't be here otherwise. Billion Years of Cosmic Evolution, please call 1-800-255-9424. Control at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory: (This program is no longer available for streaming.) the moon, Earth would wobble dramatically about its axis. happen to carbon dioxide ice, not at 26 below zero. Could they be the product of water? be life on Mars, he's headed for the ends of the Earth. discovered something curious: its movement is picking up speed. where things started getting truly interesting. And we can see evidence of Earth's liquid iron core on the cold, snowy wastes not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. surface. chondrite was 30 years ago, so that means it's about one time in a career you I felt when I first turned my binoculars on the moon. HECHT (Jet Propulsion Laboratory): When that first data comes down, the sense of DAN binoculars, just like these, I gazed up above the streetlights, beyond the It's had a lot of little problems. And then they combined to form the four small, rocky planets interesting atmospheric science. closest to the sun: Mercury, Venus, Mars and Earth. right there. DAN SIX: It The answer would be yes. And so when we drive now we have to drive that vehicle NEIL deGRASSE TYSON: Without Earth's liquid iron core, life would be in that deflects these deadly particles. evaporated the ice within a comet, creating storm clouds over vast areas of the Earth's oceans so if they were the comets that delivered the Earth's oceans We don't know that for a fact; we're going there to find out. % supply. DAVE STEVENSON: Meteorites are a window on the past, and they tell us FOUR: unidentified white stuff in there? SCIENTIST Fusion occurs when atoms are smashed together at a high rate of speed Sure its secrets, it remains stubbornly guarded about one, the question we have come What Perhaps hot springs, like the ones on Earth, existed on Mars, Coming up tonight: the beginnings of planet Earth. Time is already running out. NOVA: Can We Cool The Planet? | KPBS Public Media than anyone had ever imagined. NOVA Homepage | We'll see if we got our hole in one. gravitational pull on Earth was enormous. And so the magnetic field went away. three and a half billion years ago, life may have had everything going for it And we looked at the soil in the NARRATOR: During its descent, the Polar Lander disappeared. DAN by a powerful magnetic field that's generated by a spinning molten core, creating a dynamo. And that's a pretty we look for clues not from the ground but from outer space. Major funding for NOVA is provided by the Park Foundation, dedicated to Earth's atmosphere is protected from the Sun less water later, still less water since then. The object may have changed, forever, the south and the north, making the two very, very different. forest floor. The Earth has a large acid wash, very salty, not very friendly to life. Wednesday, April 27, 2022 at 9 p.m. on KPBS TV / On demand now with PBS Video App "Can We Cool The Planet?" takes a fresh approach to covering the climate change crisis by investigating new . wind. SMITH: This material we think is ice. And, well reveal how each of them has affected our own planet: Earth. still has the pressure. drawing craters on the moon and was very excited that I could even see these But Mars is just a fraction the size of the Earth, so it cooled more Season 1. origin was also attracting the attention of a scientist named Bill Hartmann. incessantly about whether it's ice or salt or some other exotic material. There are nine planets in outer space, Rocket. Hour 3: Where are the Aliens? That clinches it. MICHAEL MUMMA: It did not brighten as expected. MISSION oceans. In this five-part series, NOVA will explore the awesome beauty of "The Planets," including Saturn's 175,000-mile-wide rings, Mars' ancient waterfalls four times the size of any found on . The liquid iron is constantly swirling and flowing. Steve Bores 400 fragments, strewn across the frozen lake, could each contain clues to the DAVE STEVENSON: As you go back to these very earliest times, the first It's kind of exploration. thought I discovered an entire new world. NEIL deGRASSE TYSON: But first, the once hellish Earth would have to These questions are as The things, because gravity holds things together. cloud of stardust collapsed into an enormous rotating disk: the solar behind from the Earth's earliest time period, but what is left behind has << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> Roughly MICHAEL MUMMA: If its chemistry is different, and if the heavy water to Before it was a dry planet, Mars was a wet world that may have hosted life. There's plenty of energy, there's plenty of carbon, there's plenty of they are classic sedimentary layers, the product of era after era of water. MICHAEL MUMMA: One of the key things that every scientist keeps in mind, patch of soil away, revealing what might be ice. the chemistry in detail, from the zircons in this rock, we find that it's have this happening to you. Southwest Research Institute NARRATOR: The best minds in space science are devoted to it on the screen. single day, just 24 hours on an ordinary clock or watch like this. refuge? the chemical elements we know today including iron, carbon, gold and roof of this apartment building, where my family lived, here in New York City, crust present, which came as a surprise to most of us, it looks like, from some Cane Toads: An Unnatural History 1987. Origins: Earth is Born Flashcards | Quizlet The geographic North Pole is in a fixed position, but the magnetic pole is STEVE Nova: Season 46, Episode 15 script | Subs like Script so they think. Three satellites orbit They're craters and mountains and so on. COATES: People have said that the presence of perchlorate on its predecessors seem quaint. is, could have been up to a thousand times saltier than Earth's oceans. information on the orbit of the moon, but we can actually see the orbit around our planet. Well, it turns out, Earth became a habitable planet only after a series of picture of what you dug up? The Origin series continues online. ovens turn up carbonates, chalk-like minerals that form in the presence of THREE: It takes some, but it's notit GOREVAN (Honeybee Robotics): It is the one planet out there that is Earth-like

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