She began in 1873 when she joined her sister in China as a missionary, teaching in a school for Chinese women. Many of Turners best essays were collected in The Frontier in American History (1920) and The Significance of Sections in American History (1932), for which he was posthumously awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1933. 2 (1891) Distribution of Population According to Density: 1890, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Significance_of_the_Frontier_in_American_History&oldid=1143440486, History books about the American Old West, Articles with dead external links from July 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Bowden, Brett. The Great Depression, 1929-1932, Chapter 26: Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal 1932-1941, Chapter 27: Fighting the Good Fight in World War II, 1941-1945, Chapter 28: Post-War Prosperity and Cold War Fears, 1945-1960, Chapter 29: Contesting Futures: America in the 1960s, Chapter 30: Political Storms at Home and Abroad, 1968-1980, Chapter 31: From Cold War to Culture Wars, 1980-2000, Chapter 32: The Challenges of the Twenty-First Century. [25] Alexander Petrov noted that Russia had its own Frontier and Russians moved over centuries across Siberia all the way from the Urals to the Pacific, struggling with nature in many physical ways similar to the American move across North America - without developing the social and political characteristics noted by Turner. Such an increased investment in overseas markets in turn strengthened Americans interest in foreign affairs. They adapted to the new physical, economic and political environment in certain waysthe cumulative effect of these adaptations was Americanization. WebIn The Significance of the Frontier in American History (1893) he asserted that the American character had been shaped by frontier life and the end of the frontier era. Whether oversees or in the urban slums, they benefitted from the same passions but expressed the same paternalism. [2], Australian historian Brett Bowden has explored how the concept of "frontier" has been very widely used in both the scholarly and the popular literature to denote challenging new forces. This is the great, the nation-wide frontier of insecurity, of human want and fear. 0000020789 00000 n Author: Frederick Jackson Turner. [10], A similarly race-based interpretation of Western history also occupied the intellectual sphere in the United States before Turner. "The frontier trail: rethinking Turner and reimagining the American West." The other idea is the thesis of Brooks Adams that America's unique and true democracy could be preserved only by a foreign policy of expansion. 0000118706 00000 n Historians have noted that John F. Kennedy in the early 1960s explicitly called upon the ideas of the frontier. In the United States, several newspaper editors openly questioned the purchase and labeled it Sewards Folly (Figure 22.3). [50][51] Scholars analyzing the Internet have often cited Frederick Jackson Turner's frontier model. WebBy that reasoning, the closing of the frontier would make the US an industrial nation like those of Europe. When Queen Liliuokalani tapped into a strong anti-American resentment among native Hawaiians over the economic and political power of exploitative American sugar companies between 1891 and 1893, worried businessmen worked with the American minister to Hawaii, John Stevens, to stage a quick, armed revolt to counter her efforts and seize the islands as an American protectorate (Figure 22.6). Founded in 1969, The Western Historical Quarterly, the official journal of the Western History Association, presents original scholarly articles dealing with the North American West - the westward movement from the Atlantic to the Pacific, twentieth-century regional studies, the Spanish borderlands, Native American history, and developments in western Canada, northern Mexico, Alaska, and Hawaii. Please enter a term before submitting your search. 0000117746 00000 n 0000121472 00000 n Sewards purchase added an enormous territory to the country-nearly 600,000 square miles-and also gave the United States access to the rich mineral resources of the region, including the gold that trigged the Klondike Gold Rush at the close of the century. The most important aspect of the frontier to Turner is its effect on democracy. However, the work of historians during the 1980s1990s, some of whom sought to bury Turner's conception of the frontier, and others who sought to spare the concept but with nuance, have done much to place Western myths in context. WebIdentify the contributions of Frederick Jackson Turner and Alfred Thayer Mahan to the conscious creation of an American empire a variety of factors, from the closing of the American frontier to the countrys increased industrial production, led the United States to look beyond its borders. "the existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession, and the Her letter campaign back to the head of the Mission Board provided a vivid picture of life in China and exhorted the Southern Baptist women to give more generously of their money and their time. 0000003194 00000 n Lotties combination of moral certainty and selfless service was emblematic of the missionary zeal of the early American empire. [31], Many believed that the end of the frontier represented the beginning of a new stage in American life and that the United States must expand overseas. Turner taught at the University of Wisconsin until 1910, when he accepted an appointment to a distinguished chair of history at Harvard University. Frederick Jackson Turner 239. :mx?6zj 'm=H*.\U{j;] ~ H8Fk?<6,H'iM*m*m/pY8!_9s1-F{mM{V His essays were collected in The Frontier in American History (1920) and Significance of Sections in American History (1932, Pulitzer Prize). It came out of the American forest, and it gained new strength each time it touched a new frontier. WebThe Closing of the Frontier. Following five more years of political wrangling, the United States annexed Hawaii in 1898, during the Spanish-American War. (quoted from "Where Historians Disagree: The 'Frontier' and the West" longer. " To update your cookie settings, please visit the, Illnesses and Injuries at a Remote American Residential Summer Camp Over 3 Seasons. The peculiarity of American institutions is, the fact that they have been compelled to adapt themselves to the changes of an expanding people to the changes involved in crossing a continent, in winning a wilderness, and in developing at each area of this progress out of the primitive economic and political conditions of the frontier into the complexity of city life. He also pushed through the annexation of the Midway Islands in the Pacific Ocean, which subsequently opened a more stable route to Asian markets. Frederick Jackson Turner, (born Nov. 14, 1861, Portage, Wis., U.S.died March 14, 1932, San Marino, Calif.), U.S. historian. "Frederick Jackson Turner Overlooked the Ladies. It currently publishes more than 6,000 new publications a year, has offices in around fifty countries, and employs more than 5,500 people worldwide. [23] However these other frontier societies operated in a very difficult political and economic environment that made democracy and individualism much less likely to appear and it was much more difficult to throw off a powerful royalty, standing armies, established churches and an aristocracy that owned most of the land. Explore the controversy associated with Turners Frontier Thesis at U.S. History Scene. You will then receive an email that contains a secure link for resetting your password, If the address matches a valid account an email will be sent to __email__ with instructions for resetting your password. Turner sets up the East and the West as opposing forces; as the West strives for freedom, the East seeks to control it. Therefore, Andrew Jacksons brand of popular democracy was a triumph of the frontier. Turner (Figure 22.4) and naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan were instrumental in the countrys move toward foreign expansion, and writer Brooks Adams further dramatized the consequences of the nations loss of its frontier in his The Law of Civilization and Decay in 1895. "[45] Mathiopoulos notes that he "cultivated this resurrection of frontier ideology as a motto of progress ('getting America moving') throughout his term of office. 0000003351 00000 n Lotties rhetoric caught on, and still today, the annual Christmas offering is done in her name. His writing, too, bore the stamp of oratory; indeed, he reworked his lectures into articles that appeared in the nations most influential popular and scholarly journals. 0000119689 00000 n Awarded a doctorate in 1891, Turner was one of the first historians professionally trained in the United States rather than in Europe. 0000122616 00000 n 0000019219 00000 n Proponents of the germ theory believed that political habits are determined by innate racial attributes. Nevertheless, he made it clear that his historical writing was shaped by a contemporary agenda. The process of westward expansion had transformed a desolate and savage The farther West Americans pushed (the farther into the Frontier they went) the more unique of an American identity developed. Yosemite Sentinel. Every generation moved further west and became more American, more democratic, and more intolerant of hierarchy. The Turner thesis shaped the writing of American history for a He also commented directly on the connections he saw between the past and the present. [48] 0000091351 00000 n WebTurners thesis asserted that the closing of the American Frontier, as demonstrated by the 1890 Census data, was the end of the most important era of American history. scholarship can best be traced to the famous paper Frederick Jackson Turner Release Date: October 14, 2007 [eBook #22994] Language: English. [5] The exclusion of women is one of the central debates around his work, particularly referred to by New Western Historians. Secretary of State William Seward, who held that position from 1861 through 1869, sought to extend American political and commercial influence in both Asia and Latin America. Instead, only two dozen American foreign ministers were located in key countries, and those often gained their positions not through diplomatic skills or expertise in foreign affairs but through bribes. Furthermore, there is a need to escape the confines of the State. While the navy had introduced the first all-steel, triple-hulled steam engine vessels seven years earlier, they had only thirteen of them in operation by 1890. He elaborates by stating. democracy and individualism and had, therefore, shaped not just the West but the That is exactly what happened. trailer << /Size 371 /Info 316 0 R /Root 320 0 R /Prev 990075 /ID[<72a791510c44fbfc687e8adeb5826df1>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 320 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 317 0 R /Metadata 318 0 R /OpenAction [ 322 0 R /XYZ null null null ] /PageMode /UseNone /StructTreeRoot 321 0 R /PieceInfo << /MarkedPDF << /LastModified (D:20051018094202)>> >> /LastModified (D:20051018094202) /MarkInfo << /Marked true /LetterspaceFlags 0 >> >> endobj 321 0 obj << /Type /StructTreeRoot /RoleMap 52 0 R /ClassMap 55 0 R /K 244 0 R /ParentTree 270 0 R /ParentTreeNextKey 9 >> endobj 369 0 obj << /S 296 /C 444 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 370 0 R >> stream According to Bancroft, the Germanic germs had spread across of all Western Europe by the Middle Ages and had reached their height. However, others viewed this interpretation as the impetus for a new wave in the history of United States imperialism. Wilderness Environ Med. In the words of historian William Appleman Williams, it rolled through the universities and into popular literature like a tidal wave. While todays professional historians tend to reject such sweeping theories, emphasizing instead a variety of factors in their interpretations of the past, Turners frontier thesis remains the most popular explanation of American development among the literate public. 0000100901 00000 n Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. [43], Subsequent critics, historians, and politicians have suggested that other 'frontiers,' such as scientific innovation, could serve similar functions in American development. Turner elaborated on the theme in his advanced history lectures and in a series of essays published over the next 25 years, published along with his initial paper as The Frontier in American History. Frederick Jackson Turner, (born November 14, 1861, Portage, Wisconsin, U.S.died March 14, 1932, San Marino, California), American historian best known for the frontier thesis. The single most influential interpretation of the American past, it proposed that the distinctiveness of the United States was attributable to its long history of westering. Despite the fame of this monocausal interpretation, as the teacher and mentor of dozens of young historians, Turner insisted on a multicausal model of history, with a recognition of the interaction of politics, economics, culture, and geography. history. Limerick pushes for a continuation of study within the historical and social atmosphere of the American West, which she believes did not end in 1890, but rather continues on to this very day. WebAmerica's imperial expansion in the twentieth century.2 One idea is Frederick Jackson Turner's concept that America's unique and true democracy was the product of an expanding frontier." Further limiting American potential for foreign impact was the fact that a strong international presence required a strong military-specifically a navy-which the United States, after the Civil War, was in no position to maintain. delivered at a meeting of the American Historical Association in 1893. On the eve of the Civil War, the country lacked the means to establish a strong position in international diplomacy. John Fitzgerald Kennedy and Theodore Sorensen. Lottie remained in China through famines, the Boxer Rebellion, and other hardships. Lottie Moon was a Southern Baptist missionary who spent more than forty years living and working in China. This Germanic intelligence was only halted by civil and ecclesiastical restraints and a lack of free land.[8] This was Bancrofts explanation for the Dark Ages. Frederick Jackson Turner (November 14, 1861 March 14, 1932) was an American historian during the early 20th century, based at the University of Wisconsin until 1910, and then Harvard University. He was known primarily for his frontier thesis. He trained many PhDs who became well-known historians. The frontier transformed Jeffersonian democracy into Jacksonian democracy. 0000090328 00000 n First, noting the sad state of the U.S. Navy, he called for the government to build a stronger, more powerful version. Quinn R.H. Rodway G.W. Most notably, in 1867, Seward obtained the Alaskan Territory from Russia for a purchase price of $7.2 million. generation, and it shaped the writing of western American history for even 1981 Oxford University Press Topic. "[29] Historians adopted it, especially in studies of the west,[30] but also in other areas, such as the influential work of Alfred D. Chandler Jr. (19182007) in business history. In these so-called Alabama claims, a U.S. senator charged that the Confederacy won a number of crucial battles with the help of one British cruiser and demanded $2 billion in British reparations. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2023.04.008. 0000002878 00000 n Turner's ideal of frontier had no need for standing armies, established churches, aristocrats or nobles; there was no landed gentry who controlled the land or charged heavy rents and fees. Although there was no more room for these forces to proceed domestically, they would continue to find an outlet on the international stage. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Whereas Turner saw the development of American character occur just behind the frontier line, as the colonists tamed and tilled the land, Roosevelt saw it form in battles just beyond the frontier line. Japan fascinated my heart and fancy four years ago, but now I honestly believe I love China the best, and actually, which is stranger still, like the Chinese best. The Turner Thesis was also critiqued by Patricia Nelson Limerick in her 1987 book, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West. Imperialism and Progressivism were compatible in the minds of many reformers who thought the Progressive impulses for democracy at home translated overseas as well. The concerns raised by the economic depression of the early 1890s further convinced business owners that they needed to tap into new markets, even at the risk of foreign entanglements. Project Gutenberg, 2007. Richard White, Patricia Nelson Limerick, and James R. Grossman, Barlow and Kapor (1990) "The Electronic Frontier", Barlow (1996) "A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace", Rod Carveth, and J. Metz, "Frederick Jackson Turner and the democratization of the electronic frontier.,", A.C. [37], Slatta (2001) argues that the widespread popularization of Turner's frontier thesis influenced popular histories, motion pictures, and novels, which characterize the West in terms of individualism, frontier violence, and rough justice. It was "[46] He promoted his political platform as the "New Frontier," with a particular emphasis on space exploration and technology. [41], This assertions racial overtones concerned historians as Adolf Hitler and the Blood and soil ideology, stoking racial and destructive enthusiasm, rose to power in Germany. 0000099935 00000 n it served as a "safety valve" for those in the east. Omissions? 0000019771 00000 n The United States had similar strategic interests in the Samoan Islands of the South Pacific, most notably, access to the naval refueling station at Pago Pago where American merchant vessels as well as naval ships could take on food, fuel, and supplies. Limerick asserts the notion of a "New Western History" in which the American West is treated as a place and not a process of finite expansion. Adams, his mentor at Johns Hopkins, had argued that all significant American institutions derived from German and English antecedents. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Frederick-Jackson-Turner ", Bazzi, Samuel, Martin Fiszbein, and Mesay Gebresilasse. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Volume XLI, Sept 19, 1975, p. 2. (1993), Ford, Lacy K. "Frontier democracy: The Turner thesis revisited. Thus the advance of the frontier has meant a steady "Turnerians all: the dream of a helpful history in an intelligible world. Sewards previous acquisition of the Midway Islands served this purpose by providing an essential naval coaling station, which was vital, as the limited reach of steamships and their dependence on coal made naval coaling stations imperative for increasing the navys geographic reach. Also mindful of the mitigating influence of a frontier-in terms of easing pressure from increased immigration and population expansion in the eastern and midwestern United States-he encouraged new outlets for further population growth, whether as lands for further American settlement or to accommodate more immigrants. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Thus the advance of the frontier has meant a steady 0000020399 00000 n By the time Turner died in 1932, 60% of the leading history departments in the U.S. were teaching courses in frontier history along Turnerian lines.[4]. By the end of this section, you will be able to: During the time of Reconstruction, the U.S. government showed no significant initiative in foreign affairs. They highlighted the lack of Americans to populate the vast region and lamented the challenges in attempting to govern the native peoples in that territory. As mentioned in the chapter opening, Turner announced his Frontier Thesis-that American democracy was largely formed by the American frontier-at the Chicago Worlds Colombian Exposition. Request Permissions. This seminal event influenced Frederick Jackson Turners frontier thesis and by the turn of the 20 th century, the wilderness frontierindividualistic and ruggedcame to define the essence of the American spirit. 2023 Wilderness Medical Society. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). According to the theory, the Germanic race appeared and evolved in the ancient Teutonic forests, endowed with a great capacity for politics and government. WebThe first is by transcending the region-frontier divide. pHH=B5BBEFp32(rsM$5$QPftJ@"dtLR5J&(d2E e /deaNU&@P+**}JLTkrMdkFEp3_aM,DAj%$'.&Am 70EQxauku^RgOym]e6}i u;9yx:Qr\p.

Raymond Burr Brother, Fake Tiktok Comment Maker, Articles T